Single supply non-inverting amplifier using op ampMy (single ended, class A) tube amp sounds great while it's shutting off. What's happening?How to control the amplification of a Transistor?Help Needed with Voltage Controlled Synth CircuitSoft diode clipping for 'controlling' amplifier levels and avoiding harsh distortionPhotodiode non-inverting amplifier circuitOp-Amp circuit: Check understandingCapacitor into resistor to groundReasons for choosing a transistor instead of an op-amp as a bufferSimple Non-Inverting Op-Amp ProblemHow to make a guitar amp switcher?

The unknown and unexplained in science fiction

Extracting the parent, leaf, and extension from a valid path

Did Ham the Chimp follow commands, or did he just randomly push levers?

Justification of physical currency in an interstellar civilization?

I want to write a blog post building upon someone else's paper, how can I properly cite/credit them?

How can I finally understand the confusing modal verb "мочь"?

Magical Modulo Squares

TikZ/PGF draw algorithm

What’s the interaction between darkvision and the Eagle Aspect of the beast, if you have Darkvision past 100 feet?

Function annotation with two or more return parameters

How to make a kid's bike easier to pedal

If an attacker targets a creature with the Sanctuary spell cast on them, but fails the Wisdom save, can they choose not to attack anyone else?

Convert Numbers To Emoji Math

Why is the blank symbol not considered part of the input alphabet of a Turing machine?

How to increase speed on my hybrid bike with flat handlebars and 700X35C tyres?

Displaying an Estimated Execution Plan generates CXPACKET, PAGELATCH_SH, and LATCH_EX [ACCESS_METHODS_DATASET_PARENT] waits

What is the meaning of "matter" in physics?

Why did not Iron man upload his complete memory onto a computer?

Is throwing dice a stochastic or a deterministic process?

My C Drive is full without reason

Bash prompt takes only the first word of a hostname before the dot

Drug Testing and Prescribed Medications

What chord could the notes 'F A♭ E♭' form?

Single supply non-inverting amplifier using op amp



Single supply non-inverting amplifier using op amp


My (single ended, class A) tube amp sounds great while it's shutting off. What's happening?How to control the amplification of a Transistor?Help Needed with Voltage Controlled Synth CircuitSoft diode clipping for 'controlling' amplifier levels and avoiding harsh distortionPhotodiode non-inverting amplifier circuitOp-Amp circuit: Check understandingCapacitor into resistor to groundReasons for choosing a transistor instead of an op-amp as a bufferSimple Non-Inverting Op-Amp ProblemHow to make a guitar amp switcher?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








2












$begingroup$


I'm working on building a distortion guitar effect pedal for an analog electronics class I'm taking. I am struggling with building an amplifying circuit using an op amp (we just began learning about them), and I'm hoping I could get some tips. Guitar pedals generally run on a single 9V supply. This is the circuit I attempted to build in lab today, however, it did not give any output.





schematic





simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



In particular, I am wondering if it is necessary for me to bias the non-inverting input at 4.5V, and if this circuit would give me the desired gain of +10 if I build it correctly. This is not the specific Op amp I'll be using, I'm not sure which I'll be using yet, I haven't gotten that far.










share|improve this question







New contributor



alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






$endgroup$







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Where does the bottom end of R3 go? You're showing it as unconnected and that's rather important.
    $endgroup$
    – Finbarr
    1 hour ago











  • $begingroup$
    put a large cap in series with R3, to ground.
    $endgroup$
    – analogsystemsrf
    31 mins ago

















2












$begingroup$


I'm working on building a distortion guitar effect pedal for an analog electronics class I'm taking. I am struggling with building an amplifying circuit using an op amp (we just began learning about them), and I'm hoping I could get some tips. Guitar pedals generally run on a single 9V supply. This is the circuit I attempted to build in lab today, however, it did not give any output.





schematic





simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



In particular, I am wondering if it is necessary for me to bias the non-inverting input at 4.5V, and if this circuit would give me the desired gain of +10 if I build it correctly. This is not the specific Op amp I'll be using, I'm not sure which I'll be using yet, I haven't gotten that far.










share|improve this question







New contributor



alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






$endgroup$







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Where does the bottom end of R3 go? You're showing it as unconnected and that's rather important.
    $endgroup$
    – Finbarr
    1 hour ago











  • $begingroup$
    put a large cap in series with R3, to ground.
    $endgroup$
    – analogsystemsrf
    31 mins ago













2












2








2





$begingroup$


I'm working on building a distortion guitar effect pedal for an analog electronics class I'm taking. I am struggling with building an amplifying circuit using an op amp (we just began learning about them), and I'm hoping I could get some tips. Guitar pedals generally run on a single 9V supply. This is the circuit I attempted to build in lab today, however, it did not give any output.





schematic





simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



In particular, I am wondering if it is necessary for me to bias the non-inverting input at 4.5V, and if this circuit would give me the desired gain of +10 if I build it correctly. This is not the specific Op amp I'll be using, I'm not sure which I'll be using yet, I haven't gotten that far.










share|improve this question







New contributor



alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.






$endgroup$




I'm working on building a distortion guitar effect pedal for an analog electronics class I'm taking. I am struggling with building an amplifying circuit using an op amp (we just began learning about them), and I'm hoping I could get some tips. Guitar pedals generally run on a single 9V supply. This is the circuit I attempted to build in lab today, however, it did not give any output.





schematic





simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



In particular, I am wondering if it is necessary for me to bias the non-inverting input at 4.5V, and if this circuit would give me the desired gain of +10 if I build it correctly. This is not the specific Op amp I'll be using, I'm not sure which I'll be using yet, I haven't gotten that far.







operational-amplifier amplifier gain single-supply-op-amp guitar-pedal






share|improve this question







New contributor



alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.










share|improve this question







New contributor



alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.








share|improve this question




share|improve this question






New contributor



alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.








asked 1 hour ago









alexamvdoralexamvdor

112




112




New contributor



alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.




New contributor




alexamvdor is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Where does the bottom end of R3 go? You're showing it as unconnected and that's rather important.
    $endgroup$
    – Finbarr
    1 hour ago











  • $begingroup$
    put a large cap in series with R3, to ground.
    $endgroup$
    – analogsystemsrf
    31 mins ago












  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Where does the bottom end of R3 go? You're showing it as unconnected and that's rather important.
    $endgroup$
    – Finbarr
    1 hour ago











  • $begingroup$
    put a large cap in series with R3, to ground.
    $endgroup$
    – analogsystemsrf
    31 mins ago







1




1




$begingroup$
Where does the bottom end of R3 go? You're showing it as unconnected and that's rather important.
$endgroup$
– Finbarr
1 hour ago





$begingroup$
Where does the bottom end of R3 go? You're showing it as unconnected and that's rather important.
$endgroup$
– Finbarr
1 hour ago













$begingroup$
put a large cap in series with R3, to ground.
$endgroup$
– analogsystemsrf
31 mins ago




$begingroup$
put a large cap in series with R3, to ground.
$endgroup$
– analogsystemsrf
31 mins ago










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















3












$begingroup$

Your schematic should be as following:





schematic





simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



Since you're using a single-supply non-inverting amplifier, the non-inv input of the opamp should be biased to a non-zero voltage –ideally to Vcc/2 as in your schematic so that the amplified signal can swing equally.



Now let's take a look at the capacitors in dashed rectangles:



  • If you don't put C2, the DC bias will be multiplied by 11 as well. Thus the output will saturate and you'll never get the amplified signal from output. Since C2 will be open in DC, the net gain in DC will be unity. Thus the DC bias will be multiplied by 1. So the amplified signal will have an offset of Vcc/2 instead of 11 x Vcc/2.


  • C3 is just a DC-blocking capacitor. It removes the DC bias so you can get only the amplified AC signal.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$




















    1












    $begingroup$

    Because you have a single supply op-amp configuration, you would also need to bias the inverting input of your op-amp to +4.5V (Where did you connect R3?)



    The gain will be (R3+R4)/R3 which is +11 for the resistor values shown here.



    And you might also want to use a "bulk capacitor". (This is a short-time energy provider for your op-amp.)






    share|improve this answer











    $endgroup$













      Your Answer






      StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function ()
      return StackExchange.using("schematics", function ()
      StackExchange.schematics.init();
      );
      , "cicuitlab");

      StackExchange.ready(function()
      var channelOptions =
      tags: "".split(" "),
      id: "135"
      ;
      initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

      StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
      // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
      if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
      StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
      createEditor();
      );

      else
      createEditor();

      );

      function createEditor()
      StackExchange.prepareEditor(
      heartbeatType: 'answer',
      autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
      convertImagesToLinks: false,
      noModals: true,
      showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
      reputationToPostImages: null,
      bindNavPrevention: true,
      postfix: "",
      imageUploader:
      brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
      contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
      allowUrls: true
      ,
      onDemand: true,
      discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
      ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
      );



      );






      alexamvdor is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









      draft saved

      draft discarded


















      StackExchange.ready(
      function ()
      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2felectronics.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f437278%2fsingle-supply-non-inverting-amplifier-using-op-amp%23new-answer', 'question_page');

      );

      Post as a guest















      Required, but never shown

























      2 Answers
      2






      active

      oldest

      votes








      2 Answers
      2






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      3












      $begingroup$

      Your schematic should be as following:





      schematic





      simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



      Since you're using a single-supply non-inverting amplifier, the non-inv input of the opamp should be biased to a non-zero voltage –ideally to Vcc/2 as in your schematic so that the amplified signal can swing equally.



      Now let's take a look at the capacitors in dashed rectangles:



      • If you don't put C2, the DC bias will be multiplied by 11 as well. Thus the output will saturate and you'll never get the amplified signal from output. Since C2 will be open in DC, the net gain in DC will be unity. Thus the DC bias will be multiplied by 1. So the amplified signal will have an offset of Vcc/2 instead of 11 x Vcc/2.


      • C3 is just a DC-blocking capacitor. It removes the DC bias so you can get only the amplified AC signal.






      share|improve this answer









      $endgroup$

















        3












        $begingroup$

        Your schematic should be as following:





        schematic





        simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



        Since you're using a single-supply non-inverting amplifier, the non-inv input of the opamp should be biased to a non-zero voltage –ideally to Vcc/2 as in your schematic so that the amplified signal can swing equally.



        Now let's take a look at the capacitors in dashed rectangles:



        • If you don't put C2, the DC bias will be multiplied by 11 as well. Thus the output will saturate and you'll never get the amplified signal from output. Since C2 will be open in DC, the net gain in DC will be unity. Thus the DC bias will be multiplied by 1. So the amplified signal will have an offset of Vcc/2 instead of 11 x Vcc/2.


        • C3 is just a DC-blocking capacitor. It removes the DC bias so you can get only the amplified AC signal.






        share|improve this answer









        $endgroup$















          3












          3








          3





          $begingroup$

          Your schematic should be as following:





          schematic





          simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



          Since you're using a single-supply non-inverting amplifier, the non-inv input of the opamp should be biased to a non-zero voltage –ideally to Vcc/2 as in your schematic so that the amplified signal can swing equally.



          Now let's take a look at the capacitors in dashed rectangles:



          • If you don't put C2, the DC bias will be multiplied by 11 as well. Thus the output will saturate and you'll never get the amplified signal from output. Since C2 will be open in DC, the net gain in DC will be unity. Thus the DC bias will be multiplied by 1. So the amplified signal will have an offset of Vcc/2 instead of 11 x Vcc/2.


          • C3 is just a DC-blocking capacitor. It removes the DC bias so you can get only the amplified AC signal.






          share|improve this answer









          $endgroup$



          Your schematic should be as following:





          schematic





          simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab



          Since you're using a single-supply non-inverting amplifier, the non-inv input of the opamp should be biased to a non-zero voltage –ideally to Vcc/2 as in your schematic so that the amplified signal can swing equally.



          Now let's take a look at the capacitors in dashed rectangles:



          • If you don't put C2, the DC bias will be multiplied by 11 as well. Thus the output will saturate and you'll never get the amplified signal from output. Since C2 will be open in DC, the net gain in DC will be unity. Thus the DC bias will be multiplied by 1. So the amplified signal will have an offset of Vcc/2 instead of 11 x Vcc/2.


          • C3 is just a DC-blocking capacitor. It removes the DC bias so you can get only the amplified AC signal.







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered 36 mins ago









          Rohat KılıçRohat Kılıç

          4,5542926




          4,5542926























              1












              $begingroup$

              Because you have a single supply op-amp configuration, you would also need to bias the inverting input of your op-amp to +4.5V (Where did you connect R3?)



              The gain will be (R3+R4)/R3 which is +11 for the resistor values shown here.



              And you might also want to use a "bulk capacitor". (This is a short-time energy provider for your op-amp.)






              share|improve this answer











              $endgroup$

















                1












                $begingroup$

                Because you have a single supply op-amp configuration, you would also need to bias the inverting input of your op-amp to +4.5V (Where did you connect R3?)



                The gain will be (R3+R4)/R3 which is +11 for the resistor values shown here.



                And you might also want to use a "bulk capacitor". (This is a short-time energy provider for your op-amp.)






                share|improve this answer











                $endgroup$















                  1












                  1








                  1





                  $begingroup$

                  Because you have a single supply op-amp configuration, you would also need to bias the inverting input of your op-amp to +4.5V (Where did you connect R3?)



                  The gain will be (R3+R4)/R3 which is +11 for the resistor values shown here.



                  And you might also want to use a "bulk capacitor". (This is a short-time energy provider for your op-amp.)






                  share|improve this answer











                  $endgroup$



                  Because you have a single supply op-amp configuration, you would also need to bias the inverting input of your op-amp to +4.5V (Where did you connect R3?)



                  The gain will be (R3+R4)/R3 which is +11 for the resistor values shown here.



                  And you might also want to use a "bulk capacitor". (This is a short-time energy provider for your op-amp.)







                  share|improve this answer














                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer








                  edited 1 hour ago

























                  answered 1 hour ago









                  Stefan WyssStefan Wyss

                  2,3321414




                  2,3321414




















                      alexamvdor is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









                      draft saved

                      draft discarded


















                      alexamvdor is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












                      alexamvdor is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.











                      alexamvdor is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.














                      Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange!


                      • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

                      But avoid


                      • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

                      • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

                      Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


                      To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




                      draft saved


                      draft discarded














                      StackExchange.ready(
                      function ()
                      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2felectronics.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f437278%2fsingle-supply-non-inverting-amplifier-using-op-amp%23new-answer', 'question_page');

                      );

                      Post as a guest















                      Required, but never shown





















































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown

































                      Required, but never shown














                      Required, but never shown












                      Required, but never shown







                      Required, but never shown







                      Popular posts from this blog

                      19. јануар Садржај Догађаји Рођења Смрти Празници и дани сећања Види још Референце Мени за навигацијуу

                      Israel Cuprins Etimologie | Istorie | Geografie | Politică | Demografie | Educație | Economie | Cultură | Note explicative | Note bibliografice | Bibliografie | Legături externe | Meniu de navigaresite web oficialfacebooktweeterGoogle+Instagramcanal YouTubeInstagramtextmodificaremodificarewww.technion.ac.ilnew.huji.ac.ilwww.weizmann.ac.ilwww1.biu.ac.ilenglish.tau.ac.ilwww.haifa.ac.ilin.bgu.ac.ilwww.openu.ac.ilwww.ariel.ac.ilCIA FactbookHarta Israelului"Negotiating Jerusalem," Palestine–Israel JournalThe Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past„Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge”„Latest Population Statistics for Israel”„Israel Population”„Tables”„Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone„Distribution of family income - Gini index”The World FactbookJerusalem Law„Israel”„Israel”„Zionist Leaders: David Ben-Gurion 1886–1973”„The status of Jerusalem”„Analysis: Kadima's big plans”„Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons”„The Legacy of Undefined Borders, Tel Aviv Notes No. 40, 5 iunie 2002”„Israel Journal: A Land Without Borders”„Population”„Israel closes decade with population of 7.5 million”Time Series-DataBank„Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew)”Golan belongs to Syria, Druze protestGlobal Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in FreedomWHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the worldInternational Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011: Nominal GDP list of countries. Data for the year 2010.„Israel's accession to the OECD”Popular Opinion„On the Move”Hosea 12:5„Walking the Bible Timeline”„Palestine: History”„Return to Zion”An invention called 'the Jewish people' – Haaretz – Israel NewsoriginalJewish and Non-Jewish Population of Palestine-Israel (1517–2004)ImmigrationJewishvirtuallibrary.orgChapter One: The Heralders of Zionism„The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history”„League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, 24 iulie 1922”The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948originalBackground Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)History: Foreign DominationTwo Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting„Israel (Labor Zionism)”Population, by Religion and Population GroupThe Suez CrisisAdolf EichmannJustice Ministry Reply to Amnesty International Report„The Interregnum”Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs – The Palestinian National Covenant- July 1968Research on terrorism: trends, achievements & failuresThe Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli conflict: The Complete History of the Struggle and the Efforts to Resolve It"George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82."„1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces”Agranat Commission„Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?”original„After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders”From the End of the Cold War to 2001originalThe Oslo Accords, 1993Israel-PLO Recognition – Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat – Sept 9- 1993Foundation for Middle East PeaceSources of Population Growth: Total Israeli Population and Settler Population, 1991–2003original„Israel marks Rabin assassination”The Wye River Memorandumoriginal„West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2”"Permanent Ceasefire to Be Based on Creation Of Buffer Zone Free of Armed Personnel Other than UN, Lebanese Forces"„Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border”„Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria”„Battleground Gaza: Israeli ground forces invade the strip”„IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal, hours after ending 3-week offensive”„THE LAND: Geography and Climate”„Area of districts, sub-districts, natural regions and lakes”„Israel - Geography”„Makhteshim Country”Israel and the Palestinian Territories„Makhtesh Ramon”„The Living Dead Sea”„Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan”„Climate Extremes In Israel”Israel in figures„Deuteronom”„JNF: 240 million trees planted since 1901”„Vegetation of Israel and Neighboring Countries”Environmental Law in Israel„Executive branch”„Israel's election process explained”„The Electoral System in Israel”„Constitution for Israel”„All 120 incoming Knesset members”„Statul ISRAEL”„The Judiciary: The Court System”„Israel's high court unique in region”„Israel and the International Criminal Court: A Legal Battlefield”„Localities and population, by population group, district, sub-district and natural region”„Israel: Districts, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Metropolitan Areas”„Israel-Egypt Relations: Background & Overview of Peace Treaty”„Solana to Haaretz: New Rules of War Needed for Age of Terror”„Israel's Announcement Regarding Settlements”„United Nations Security Council Resolution 497”„Security Council resolution 478 (1980) on the status of Jerusalem”„Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall”„Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace”„Mapping Peace between Syria and Israel”„Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula”„Israel: Age structure from 2005 to 2015”„Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition”10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X„World Health Statistics 2014”„Life expectancy for Israeli men world's 4th highest”„Family Structure and Well-Being Across Israel's Diverse Population”„Fertility among Jewish and Muslim Women in Israel, by Level of Religiosity, 1979-2009”„Israel leaders in birth rate, but poverty major challenge”„Ethnic Groups”„Israel's population: Over 8.5 million”„Israel - Ethnic groups”„Jews, by country of origin and age”„Minority Communities in Israel: Background & Overview”„Israel”„Language in Israel”„Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages”„Religions”„5 facts about Israeli Druze, a unique religious and ethnic group”„Israël”Israel Country Study Guide„Haredi city in Negev – blessing or curse?”„New town Harish harbors hopes of being more than another Pleasantville”„List of localities, in alphabetical order”„Muncitorii români, doriți în Israel”„Prietenia româno-israeliană la nevoie se cunoaște”„The Higher Education System in Israel”„Middle East”„Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016”„Israel”„Israel”„Jewish Nobel Prize Winners”„All Nobel Prizes in Literature”„All Nobel Peace Prizes”„All Prizes in Economic Sciences”„All Nobel Prizes in Chemistry”„List of Fields Medallists”„Sakharov Prize”„Țara care și-a sfidat "destinul" și se bate umăr la umăr cu Silicon Valley”„Apple's R&D center in Israel grew to about 800 employees”„Tim Cook: Apple's Herzliya R&D center second-largest in world”„Lecții de economie de la Israel”„Land use”Israel Investment and Business GuideA Country Study: IsraelCentral Bureau of StatisticsFlorin Diaconu, „Kadima: Flexibilitate și pragmatism, dar nici un compromis în chestiuni vitale", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 71-72Florin Diaconu, „Likud: Dreapta israeliană constant opusă retrocedării teritoriilor cureite prin luptă în 1967", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 73-74MassadaIsraelul a crescut in 50 de ani cât alte state intr-un mileniuIsrael Government PortalIsraelIsraelIsraelmmmmmXX451232cb118646298(data)4027808-634110000 0004 0372 0767n7900328503691455-bb46-37e3-91d2-cb064a35ffcc1003570400564274ge1294033523775214929302638955X146498911146498911

                      Кастелфранко ди Сопра Становништво Референце Спољашње везе Мени за навигацију43°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.5588543°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.558853179688„The GeoNames geographical database”„Istituto Nazionale di Statistica”проширитиууWorldCat156923403n850174324558639-1cb14643287r(подаци)