Cemented carbide swords - worth it?Would desigining a modular tank be worth the effort?What Limitations or Modifications Would Medieval Armor or Weapons Have if Modern Quality Steel Were Used?Larger swords vs larger monstersNanocellulose swords/ melee weaponsWould being hollow solve the weight problem of giant swords?Shattering Swords: Yea or Nay?Quenching swords in dragon blood; why?Use Mercury as quenching liquid for swords?

Why is belonging not transitive?

Other than good shoes and a stick, what are some ways to preserve your knees on long hikes?

Problem of Induction: Dissolved

Which version of the Pigeonhole principle is correct? One is far stronger than the other

Where did Otto von Bismarck say "lying awake all night, hating"?

What's the word for a student who doesn't register but goes to a class anyway?

Cube around 2 points with correct perspective

How is underwater propagation of sound possible?

Very lazy puppy

What's the purpose of autocorrelation?

Why do things cool off?

Does the order of command line options matter in Perl?

Should the pagination be reset when changing the order?

Is Zack Morris's 'time stop' ability in "Saved By the Bell" a supernatural ability?

How to give my students a straightedge instead of a ruler

How to disable major release upgrade in Mojave?

How far away from you does grass spread?

What is Cousin Itt in The Addams Family?

What’s a “dissipated” garment supposed to be?

How could artificial intelligence harm us?

Is it possible that the shadow of The Moon is a single dot during solar eclipse?

Is this adjustment to the Lucky feat underpowered?

What if I don't know whether my program will be linked to a GPL library or not?

How to convey to the people around me that I want to disengage myself from constant giving?



Cemented carbide swords - worth it?


Would desigining a modular tank be worth the effort?What Limitations or Modifications Would Medieval Armor or Weapons Have if Modern Quality Steel Were Used?Larger swords vs larger monstersNanocellulose swords/ melee weaponsWould being hollow solve the weight problem of giant swords?Shattering Swords: Yea or Nay?Quenching swords in dragon blood; why?Use Mercury as quenching liquid for swords?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








5












$begingroup$


Nowadays heavy duty drilling and machining is often done with cutting tools fashioned from cemented carbides, which consist of a hard phase like WC embedded in a "soft" metal like Co. This gives a really tough material that withstands a lot of punishment. I'm wondering if swords made from such a material could best convential steel weapons and armor.



Here are some reasons why noone tried it before:



  • Cemented carbides were invented in the 1920s when swords were long obsolete

  • Their production is costly and requires powder metallurgy

  • A sword has some very challenging geometries for this method (especially the thickness)

  • You need actual diamonds to sharpen them (and depending on the pressed pellet you would need to remove a lot of material)

Now suppose an organization has the means and the will to make such weapons and swordfights were still a thing, would a warrior equipped with a cemented carbide blade have a distinct advantage over an adversary with steel weapons and armor?










share|improve this question











$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you speaking of full plate armor combat with broadswords, or something a bit more nimble with foils?
    $endgroup$
    – Measure of despare.
    9 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    The TLDR on this is that properly forged steel is still the best possible material for a sword that we (humans) know of; because you need an optimal combination of sharpness, edge retention, strength, and flexibility. Anything superior to steel in any one of those categories is almost always unworkably inferior in one of the others.
    $endgroup$
    – Morris The Cat
    7 hours ago

















5












$begingroup$


Nowadays heavy duty drilling and machining is often done with cutting tools fashioned from cemented carbides, which consist of a hard phase like WC embedded in a "soft" metal like Co. This gives a really tough material that withstands a lot of punishment. I'm wondering if swords made from such a material could best convential steel weapons and armor.



Here are some reasons why noone tried it before:



  • Cemented carbides were invented in the 1920s when swords were long obsolete

  • Their production is costly and requires powder metallurgy

  • A sword has some very challenging geometries for this method (especially the thickness)

  • You need actual diamonds to sharpen them (and depending on the pressed pellet you would need to remove a lot of material)

Now suppose an organization has the means and the will to make such weapons and swordfights were still a thing, would a warrior equipped with a cemented carbide blade have a distinct advantage over an adversary with steel weapons and armor?










share|improve this question











$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you speaking of full plate armor combat with broadswords, or something a bit more nimble with foils?
    $endgroup$
    – Measure of despare.
    9 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    The TLDR on this is that properly forged steel is still the best possible material for a sword that we (humans) know of; because you need an optimal combination of sharpness, edge retention, strength, and flexibility. Anything superior to steel in any one of those categories is almost always unworkably inferior in one of the others.
    $endgroup$
    – Morris The Cat
    7 hours ago













5












5








5





$begingroup$


Nowadays heavy duty drilling and machining is often done with cutting tools fashioned from cemented carbides, which consist of a hard phase like WC embedded in a "soft" metal like Co. This gives a really tough material that withstands a lot of punishment. I'm wondering if swords made from such a material could best convential steel weapons and armor.



Here are some reasons why noone tried it before:



  • Cemented carbides were invented in the 1920s when swords were long obsolete

  • Their production is costly and requires powder metallurgy

  • A sword has some very challenging geometries for this method (especially the thickness)

  • You need actual diamonds to sharpen them (and depending on the pressed pellet you would need to remove a lot of material)

Now suppose an organization has the means and the will to make such weapons and swordfights were still a thing, would a warrior equipped with a cemented carbide blade have a distinct advantage over an adversary with steel weapons and armor?










share|improve this question











$endgroup$




Nowadays heavy duty drilling and machining is often done with cutting tools fashioned from cemented carbides, which consist of a hard phase like WC embedded in a "soft" metal like Co. This gives a really tough material that withstands a lot of punishment. I'm wondering if swords made from such a material could best convential steel weapons and armor.



Here are some reasons why noone tried it before:



  • Cemented carbides were invented in the 1920s when swords were long obsolete

  • Their production is costly and requires powder metallurgy

  • A sword has some very challenging geometries for this method (especially the thickness)

  • You need actual diamonds to sharpen them (and depending on the pressed pellet you would need to remove a lot of material)

Now suppose an organization has the means and the will to make such weapons and swordfights were still a thing, would a warrior equipped with a cemented carbide blade have a distinct advantage over an adversary with steel weapons and armor?







weapons metalworking






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited 9 hours ago







And

















asked 9 hours ago









AndAnd

3751 silver badge10 bronze badges




3751 silver badge10 bronze badges










  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you speaking of full plate armor combat with broadswords, or something a bit more nimble with foils?
    $endgroup$
    – Measure of despare.
    9 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    The TLDR on this is that properly forged steel is still the best possible material for a sword that we (humans) know of; because you need an optimal combination of sharpness, edge retention, strength, and flexibility. Anything superior to steel in any one of those categories is almost always unworkably inferior in one of the others.
    $endgroup$
    – Morris The Cat
    7 hours ago












  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you speaking of full plate armor combat with broadswords, or something a bit more nimble with foils?
    $endgroup$
    – Measure of despare.
    9 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    The TLDR on this is that properly forged steel is still the best possible material for a sword that we (humans) know of; because you need an optimal combination of sharpness, edge retention, strength, and flexibility. Anything superior to steel in any one of those categories is almost always unworkably inferior in one of the others.
    $endgroup$
    – Morris The Cat
    7 hours ago







1




1




$begingroup$
Are you speaking of full plate armor combat with broadswords, or something a bit more nimble with foils?
$endgroup$
– Measure of despare.
9 hours ago




$begingroup$
Are you speaking of full plate armor combat with broadswords, or something a bit more nimble with foils?
$endgroup$
– Measure of despare.
9 hours ago












$begingroup$
The TLDR on this is that properly forged steel is still the best possible material for a sword that we (humans) know of; because you need an optimal combination of sharpness, edge retention, strength, and flexibility. Anything superior to steel in any one of those categories is almost always unworkably inferior in one of the others.
$endgroup$
– Morris The Cat
7 hours ago




$begingroup$
The TLDR on this is that properly forged steel is still the best possible material for a sword that we (humans) know of; because you need an optimal combination of sharpness, edge retention, strength, and flexibility. Anything superior to steel in any one of those categories is almost always unworkably inferior in one of the others.
$endgroup$
– Morris The Cat
7 hours ago










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















10














$begingroup$

Steel swords were made by exactly this technic. Hard-tempered steel at the edge and soft elastic steel in the middle. That is why it was an art and good swords were so expensive.



As for cemented carbide - it is a bad material for swords for exactly the same reason why diamond is: it is fragile. It does not like hard impacts and can just shatter into pieces. Steel is the best material for such a thing as a sword even now. No one uses cemented carbides in an axe after all.



Adding cemented carbides would still be a good option, but only for the tip of a sword, for single use thrust through armor. It would be a really great advantage.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$










  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Not a sword tip, certainly. Swords are terrible things for penetrating decent armour. The spiky bits on a mace or warhammer on the other hand...
    $endgroup$
    – Starfish Prime
    8 hours ago


















5














$begingroup$

Starting from near the bottom, you do not need diamonds to sharpen cemented carbide; it can be done with a so-called "green carborundum" grinding wheel (which is silicon carbide bonded grit). Specific, but quite a bit cheaper and more durable than diamond grit abrasives.



The biggest issue with carbide for something like a sword is brittleness. Carbide inserts in saw blades and machine tools are made of cemented carbide, and they're notorious for chipping and breaking on impacts (such as interrupted cuts). This can be managed in machine tools and saw blades by controlling feed rates, but you don't have that option with a sword. A hard parry is likely to leave you with an effect like that scene in one of the Highlander movies, where the sword just shatters like glass.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    You'll also notice that the entire saw blade or drill bit is not made of carbide, just little teeth where it contacts the material to be cut. In my experience, a tooth is much more likely to break off the saw blade entirely.
    $endgroup$
    – jamesqf
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    @jamesqf the only solid carbide tools I'm familiar with are end mills, die grinder burrs, and planer knives. Making blades with inserts started as cost control, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Zeiss Ikon
    2 hours ago













Your Answer








StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "579"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"u003ecc by-sa 4.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);














draft saved

draft discarded
















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fworldbuilding.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f156259%2fcemented-carbide-swords-worth-it%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









10














$begingroup$

Steel swords were made by exactly this technic. Hard-tempered steel at the edge and soft elastic steel in the middle. That is why it was an art and good swords were so expensive.



As for cemented carbide - it is a bad material for swords for exactly the same reason why diamond is: it is fragile. It does not like hard impacts and can just shatter into pieces. Steel is the best material for such a thing as a sword even now. No one uses cemented carbides in an axe after all.



Adding cemented carbides would still be a good option, but only for the tip of a sword, for single use thrust through armor. It would be a really great advantage.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$










  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Not a sword tip, certainly. Swords are terrible things for penetrating decent armour. The spiky bits on a mace or warhammer on the other hand...
    $endgroup$
    – Starfish Prime
    8 hours ago















10














$begingroup$

Steel swords were made by exactly this technic. Hard-tempered steel at the edge and soft elastic steel in the middle. That is why it was an art and good swords were so expensive.



As for cemented carbide - it is a bad material for swords for exactly the same reason why diamond is: it is fragile. It does not like hard impacts and can just shatter into pieces. Steel is the best material for such a thing as a sword even now. No one uses cemented carbides in an axe after all.



Adding cemented carbides would still be a good option, but only for the tip of a sword, for single use thrust through armor. It would be a really great advantage.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$










  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Not a sword tip, certainly. Swords are terrible things for penetrating decent armour. The spiky bits on a mace or warhammer on the other hand...
    $endgroup$
    – Starfish Prime
    8 hours ago













10














10










10







$begingroup$

Steel swords were made by exactly this technic. Hard-tempered steel at the edge and soft elastic steel in the middle. That is why it was an art and good swords were so expensive.



As for cemented carbide - it is a bad material for swords for exactly the same reason why diamond is: it is fragile. It does not like hard impacts and can just shatter into pieces. Steel is the best material for such a thing as a sword even now. No one uses cemented carbides in an axe after all.



Adding cemented carbides would still be a good option, but only for the tip of a sword, for single use thrust through armor. It would be a really great advantage.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$



Steel swords were made by exactly this technic. Hard-tempered steel at the edge and soft elastic steel in the middle. That is why it was an art and good swords were so expensive.



As for cemented carbide - it is a bad material for swords for exactly the same reason why diamond is: it is fragile. It does not like hard impacts and can just shatter into pieces. Steel is the best material for such a thing as a sword even now. No one uses cemented carbides in an axe after all.



Adding cemented carbides would still be a good option, but only for the tip of a sword, for single use thrust through armor. It would be a really great advantage.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited 7 hours ago









Alex2006

5,3793 gold badges12 silver badges30 bronze badges




5,3793 gold badges12 silver badges30 bronze badges










answered 8 hours ago









ksbesksbes

1,8782 silver badges11 bronze badges




1,8782 silver badges11 bronze badges










  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Not a sword tip, certainly. Swords are terrible things for penetrating decent armour. The spiky bits on a mace or warhammer on the other hand...
    $endgroup$
    – Starfish Prime
    8 hours ago












  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Not a sword tip, certainly. Swords are terrible things for penetrating decent armour. The spiky bits on a mace or warhammer on the other hand...
    $endgroup$
    – Starfish Prime
    8 hours ago







2




2




$begingroup$
Not a sword tip, certainly. Swords are terrible things for penetrating decent armour. The spiky bits on a mace or warhammer on the other hand...
$endgroup$
– Starfish Prime
8 hours ago




$begingroup$
Not a sword tip, certainly. Swords are terrible things for penetrating decent armour. The spiky bits on a mace or warhammer on the other hand...
$endgroup$
– Starfish Prime
8 hours ago













5














$begingroup$

Starting from near the bottom, you do not need diamonds to sharpen cemented carbide; it can be done with a so-called "green carborundum" grinding wheel (which is silicon carbide bonded grit). Specific, but quite a bit cheaper and more durable than diamond grit abrasives.



The biggest issue with carbide for something like a sword is brittleness. Carbide inserts in saw blades and machine tools are made of cemented carbide, and they're notorious for chipping and breaking on impacts (such as interrupted cuts). This can be managed in machine tools and saw blades by controlling feed rates, but you don't have that option with a sword. A hard parry is likely to leave you with an effect like that scene in one of the Highlander movies, where the sword just shatters like glass.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    You'll also notice that the entire saw blade or drill bit is not made of carbide, just little teeth where it contacts the material to be cut. In my experience, a tooth is much more likely to break off the saw blade entirely.
    $endgroup$
    – jamesqf
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    @jamesqf the only solid carbide tools I'm familiar with are end mills, die grinder burrs, and planer knives. Making blades with inserts started as cost control, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Zeiss Ikon
    2 hours ago















5














$begingroup$

Starting from near the bottom, you do not need diamonds to sharpen cemented carbide; it can be done with a so-called "green carborundum" grinding wheel (which is silicon carbide bonded grit). Specific, but quite a bit cheaper and more durable than diamond grit abrasives.



The biggest issue with carbide for something like a sword is brittleness. Carbide inserts in saw blades and machine tools are made of cemented carbide, and they're notorious for chipping and breaking on impacts (such as interrupted cuts). This can be managed in machine tools and saw blades by controlling feed rates, but you don't have that option with a sword. A hard parry is likely to leave you with an effect like that scene in one of the Highlander movies, where the sword just shatters like glass.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$














  • $begingroup$
    You'll also notice that the entire saw blade or drill bit is not made of carbide, just little teeth where it contacts the material to be cut. In my experience, a tooth is much more likely to break off the saw blade entirely.
    $endgroup$
    – jamesqf
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    @jamesqf the only solid carbide tools I'm familiar with are end mills, die grinder burrs, and planer knives. Making blades with inserts started as cost control, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Zeiss Ikon
    2 hours ago













5














5










5







$begingroup$

Starting from near the bottom, you do not need diamonds to sharpen cemented carbide; it can be done with a so-called "green carborundum" grinding wheel (which is silicon carbide bonded grit). Specific, but quite a bit cheaper and more durable than diamond grit abrasives.



The biggest issue with carbide for something like a sword is brittleness. Carbide inserts in saw blades and machine tools are made of cemented carbide, and they're notorious for chipping and breaking on impacts (such as interrupted cuts). This can be managed in machine tools and saw blades by controlling feed rates, but you don't have that option with a sword. A hard parry is likely to leave you with an effect like that scene in one of the Highlander movies, where the sword just shatters like glass.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$



Starting from near the bottom, you do not need diamonds to sharpen cemented carbide; it can be done with a so-called "green carborundum" grinding wheel (which is silicon carbide bonded grit). Specific, but quite a bit cheaper and more durable than diamond grit abrasives.



The biggest issue with carbide for something like a sword is brittleness. Carbide inserts in saw blades and machine tools are made of cemented carbide, and they're notorious for chipping and breaking on impacts (such as interrupted cuts). This can be managed in machine tools and saw blades by controlling feed rates, but you don't have that option with a sword. A hard parry is likely to leave you with an effect like that scene in one of the Highlander movies, where the sword just shatters like glass.







share|improve this answer












share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer










answered 9 hours ago









Zeiss IkonZeiss Ikon

9,50616 silver badges42 bronze badges




9,50616 silver badges42 bronze badges














  • $begingroup$
    You'll also notice that the entire saw blade or drill bit is not made of carbide, just little teeth where it contacts the material to be cut. In my experience, a tooth is much more likely to break off the saw blade entirely.
    $endgroup$
    – jamesqf
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    @jamesqf the only solid carbide tools I'm familiar with are end mills, die grinder burrs, and planer knives. Making blades with inserts started as cost control, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Zeiss Ikon
    2 hours ago
















  • $begingroup$
    You'll also notice that the entire saw blade or drill bit is not made of carbide, just little teeth where it contacts the material to be cut. In my experience, a tooth is much more likely to break off the saw blade entirely.
    $endgroup$
    – jamesqf
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    @jamesqf the only solid carbide tools I'm familiar with are end mills, die grinder burrs, and planer knives. Making blades with inserts started as cost control, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Zeiss Ikon
    2 hours ago















$begingroup$
You'll also notice that the entire saw blade or drill bit is not made of carbide, just little teeth where it contacts the material to be cut. In my experience, a tooth is much more likely to break off the saw blade entirely.
$endgroup$
– jamesqf
2 hours ago




$begingroup$
You'll also notice that the entire saw blade or drill bit is not made of carbide, just little teeth where it contacts the material to be cut. In my experience, a tooth is much more likely to break off the saw blade entirely.
$endgroup$
– jamesqf
2 hours ago












$begingroup$
@jamesqf the only solid carbide tools I'm familiar with are end mills, die grinder burrs, and planer knives. Making blades with inserts started as cost control, though.
$endgroup$
– Zeiss Ikon
2 hours ago




$begingroup$
@jamesqf the only solid carbide tools I'm familiar with are end mills, die grinder burrs, and planer knives. Making blades with inserts started as cost control, though.
$endgroup$
– Zeiss Ikon
2 hours ago


















draft saved

draft discarded















































Thanks for contributing an answer to Worldbuilding Stack Exchange!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fworldbuilding.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f156259%2fcemented-carbide-swords-worth-it%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

19. јануар Садржај Догађаји Рођења Смрти Празници и дани сећања Види још Референце Мени за навигацијуу

Israel Cuprins Etimologie | Istorie | Geografie | Politică | Demografie | Educație | Economie | Cultură | Note explicative | Note bibliografice | Bibliografie | Legături externe | Meniu de navigaresite web oficialfacebooktweeterGoogle+Instagramcanal YouTubeInstagramtextmodificaremodificarewww.technion.ac.ilnew.huji.ac.ilwww.weizmann.ac.ilwww1.biu.ac.ilenglish.tau.ac.ilwww.haifa.ac.ilin.bgu.ac.ilwww.openu.ac.ilwww.ariel.ac.ilCIA FactbookHarta Israelului"Negotiating Jerusalem," Palestine–Israel JournalThe Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past„Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge”„Latest Population Statistics for Israel”„Israel Population”„Tables”„Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone„Distribution of family income - Gini index”The World FactbookJerusalem Law„Israel”„Israel”„Zionist Leaders: David Ben-Gurion 1886–1973”„The status of Jerusalem”„Analysis: Kadima's big plans”„Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons”„The Legacy of Undefined Borders, Tel Aviv Notes No. 40, 5 iunie 2002”„Israel Journal: A Land Without Borders”„Population”„Israel closes decade with population of 7.5 million”Time Series-DataBank„Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew)”Golan belongs to Syria, Druze protestGlobal Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in FreedomWHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the worldInternational Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011: Nominal GDP list of countries. Data for the year 2010.„Israel's accession to the OECD”Popular Opinion„On the Move”Hosea 12:5„Walking the Bible Timeline”„Palestine: History”„Return to Zion”An invention called 'the Jewish people' – Haaretz – Israel NewsoriginalJewish and Non-Jewish Population of Palestine-Israel (1517–2004)ImmigrationJewishvirtuallibrary.orgChapter One: The Heralders of Zionism„The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history”„League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, 24 iulie 1922”The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948originalBackground Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)History: Foreign DominationTwo Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting„Israel (Labor Zionism)”Population, by Religion and Population GroupThe Suez CrisisAdolf EichmannJustice Ministry Reply to Amnesty International Report„The Interregnum”Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs – The Palestinian National Covenant- July 1968Research on terrorism: trends, achievements & failuresThe Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli conflict: The Complete History of the Struggle and the Efforts to Resolve It"George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82."„1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces”Agranat Commission„Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?”original„After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders”From the End of the Cold War to 2001originalThe Oslo Accords, 1993Israel-PLO Recognition – Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat – Sept 9- 1993Foundation for Middle East PeaceSources of Population Growth: Total Israeli Population and Settler Population, 1991–2003original„Israel marks Rabin assassination”The Wye River Memorandumoriginal„West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2”"Permanent Ceasefire to Be Based on Creation Of Buffer Zone Free of Armed Personnel Other than UN, Lebanese Forces"„Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border”„Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria”„Battleground Gaza: Israeli ground forces invade the strip”„IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal, hours after ending 3-week offensive”„THE LAND: Geography and Climate”„Area of districts, sub-districts, natural regions and lakes”„Israel - Geography”„Makhteshim Country”Israel and the Palestinian Territories„Makhtesh Ramon”„The Living Dead Sea”„Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan”„Climate Extremes In Israel”Israel in figures„Deuteronom”„JNF: 240 million trees planted since 1901”„Vegetation of Israel and Neighboring Countries”Environmental Law in Israel„Executive branch”„Israel's election process explained”„The Electoral System in Israel”„Constitution for Israel”„All 120 incoming Knesset members”„Statul ISRAEL”„The Judiciary: The Court System”„Israel's high court unique in region”„Israel and the International Criminal Court: A Legal Battlefield”„Localities and population, by population group, district, sub-district and natural region”„Israel: Districts, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Metropolitan Areas”„Israel-Egypt Relations: Background & Overview of Peace Treaty”„Solana to Haaretz: New Rules of War Needed for Age of Terror”„Israel's Announcement Regarding Settlements”„United Nations Security Council Resolution 497”„Security Council resolution 478 (1980) on the status of Jerusalem”„Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall”„Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace”„Mapping Peace between Syria and Israel”„Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula”„Israel: Age structure from 2005 to 2015”„Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition”10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X„World Health Statistics 2014”„Life expectancy for Israeli men world's 4th highest”„Family Structure and Well-Being Across Israel's Diverse Population”„Fertility among Jewish and Muslim Women in Israel, by Level of Religiosity, 1979-2009”„Israel leaders in birth rate, but poverty major challenge”„Ethnic Groups”„Israel's population: Over 8.5 million”„Israel - Ethnic groups”„Jews, by country of origin and age”„Minority Communities in Israel: Background & Overview”„Israel”„Language in Israel”„Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages”„Religions”„5 facts about Israeli Druze, a unique religious and ethnic group”„Israël”Israel Country Study Guide„Haredi city in Negev – blessing or curse?”„New town Harish harbors hopes of being more than another Pleasantville”„List of localities, in alphabetical order”„Muncitorii români, doriți în Israel”„Prietenia româno-israeliană la nevoie se cunoaște”„The Higher Education System in Israel”„Middle East”„Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016”„Israel”„Israel”„Jewish Nobel Prize Winners”„All Nobel Prizes in Literature”„All Nobel Peace Prizes”„All Prizes in Economic Sciences”„All Nobel Prizes in Chemistry”„List of Fields Medallists”„Sakharov Prize”„Țara care și-a sfidat "destinul" și se bate umăr la umăr cu Silicon Valley”„Apple's R&D center in Israel grew to about 800 employees”„Tim Cook: Apple's Herzliya R&D center second-largest in world”„Lecții de economie de la Israel”„Land use”Israel Investment and Business GuideA Country Study: IsraelCentral Bureau of StatisticsFlorin Diaconu, „Kadima: Flexibilitate și pragmatism, dar nici un compromis în chestiuni vitale", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 71-72Florin Diaconu, „Likud: Dreapta israeliană constant opusă retrocedării teritoriilor cureite prin luptă în 1967", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 73-74MassadaIsraelul a crescut in 50 de ani cât alte state intr-un mileniuIsrael Government PortalIsraelIsraelIsraelmmmmmXX451232cb118646298(data)4027808-634110000 0004 0372 0767n7900328503691455-bb46-37e3-91d2-cb064a35ffcc1003570400564274ge1294033523775214929302638955X146498911146498911

Кастелфранко ди Сопра Становништво Референце Спољашње везе Мени за навигацију43°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.5588543°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.558853179688„The GeoNames geographical database”„Istituto Nazionale di Statistica”проширитиууWorldCat156923403n850174324558639-1cb14643287r(подаци)