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Why does putting a dot after the URL remove login information?


Why does Chrome remove extension's icon when in 'incognito mode'?How to remove an entry from Chrome's Remembered URLs from the url bar?Why does Firefox use the “chrome://” protocol / schema in URLs?Mac External HDD (time machine) unwanted accessWhy does Chrome incognito keep cookies after the closing browser?Why does Google Search load and then reload when I search from Chrome's URL bar?Why the other URL is opening instead of the expected URL after clicking on a link received from google search in Firefox?Why does this script work as expected in 'curl', but not in the browser?Why does browser always converts $ to %24?Why does my browser not display the index.html file when I type a directory in the URL?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








6















Why?



When I put a dot after the superuser URL, it acted like I wasn't signed in. Why is this happening? What does a dot symbolize in the URL?










share|improve this question







New contributor



Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.
















  • 2





    Curious. Same behaviour on Firefox so it's not just some weird behaviour of Chrome. I suspect the extra dot is changing the domain (to com.) that means cookies no longer resolve to superuser.com as a domain, and as a result you are not logged in because you don't have any session cookies. It would be good for someone with more definite knowledge to answer.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago












  • If you click the button to login you get redirected to superuser.com and as a result logged in. Note: this is not just a Super User issue, you get the same result if you add a dot to youtube.com.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago


















6















Why?



When I put a dot after the superuser URL, it acted like I wasn't signed in. Why is this happening? What does a dot symbolize in the URL?










share|improve this question







New contributor



Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.
















  • 2





    Curious. Same behaviour on Firefox so it's not just some weird behaviour of Chrome. I suspect the extra dot is changing the domain (to com.) that means cookies no longer resolve to superuser.com as a domain, and as a result you are not logged in because you don't have any session cookies. It would be good for someone with more definite knowledge to answer.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago












  • If you click the button to login you get redirected to superuser.com and as a result logged in. Note: this is not just a Super User issue, you get the same result if you add a dot to youtube.com.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago














6












6








6


3






Why?



When I put a dot after the superuser URL, it acted like I wasn't signed in. Why is this happening? What does a dot symbolize in the URL?










share|improve this question







New contributor



Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











Why?



When I put a dot after the superuser URL, it acted like I wasn't signed in. Why is this happening? What does a dot symbolize in the URL?







google-chrome browser






share|improve this question







New contributor



Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.










share|improve this question







New contributor



Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.








share|improve this question




share|improve this question






New contributor



Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.








asked 8 hours ago









Riley CarneyRiley Carney

1334 bronze badges




1334 bronze badges




New contributor



Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.




New contributor




Riley Carney is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












  • 2





    Curious. Same behaviour on Firefox so it's not just some weird behaviour of Chrome. I suspect the extra dot is changing the domain (to com.) that means cookies no longer resolve to superuser.com as a domain, and as a result you are not logged in because you don't have any session cookies. It would be good for someone with more definite knowledge to answer.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago












  • If you click the button to login you get redirected to superuser.com and as a result logged in. Note: this is not just a Super User issue, you get the same result if you add a dot to youtube.com.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago













  • 2





    Curious. Same behaviour on Firefox so it's not just some weird behaviour of Chrome. I suspect the extra dot is changing the domain (to com.) that means cookies no longer resolve to superuser.com as a domain, and as a result you are not logged in because you don't have any session cookies. It would be good for someone with more definite knowledge to answer.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago












  • If you click the button to login you get redirected to superuser.com and as a result logged in. Note: this is not just a Super User issue, you get the same result if you add a dot to youtube.com.

    – Mokubai
    8 hours ago








2




2





Curious. Same behaviour on Firefox so it's not just some weird behaviour of Chrome. I suspect the extra dot is changing the domain (to com.) that means cookies no longer resolve to superuser.com as a domain, and as a result you are not logged in because you don't have any session cookies. It would be good for someone with more definite knowledge to answer.

– Mokubai
8 hours ago






Curious. Same behaviour on Firefox so it's not just some weird behaviour of Chrome. I suspect the extra dot is changing the domain (to com.) that means cookies no longer resolve to superuser.com as a domain, and as a result you are not logged in because you don't have any session cookies. It would be good for someone with more definite knowledge to answer.

– Mokubai
8 hours ago














If you click the button to login you get redirected to superuser.com and as a result logged in. Note: this is not just a Super User issue, you get the same result if you add a dot to youtube.com.

– Mokubai
8 hours ago






If you click the button to login you get redirected to superuser.com and as a result logged in. Note: this is not just a Super User issue, you get the same result if you add a dot to youtube.com.

– Mokubai
8 hours ago











2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















6














Adding the dot to the end of the domain name makes it a canonical fully-qualified domain name instead of just a regular fully-qualified domain name, and most browsers treat canonical domain names as being a different domain from the equivalent regular domain name (I'm not sure why they do this though).




A bit of background:



The domain name system is strictly hierarchical, just like a filesystem, or an X.500/LDAP directory. Unlike filesystems ro X.500 though, the hierarchy is listed right-to-left instead of left-to-right. So the rightmost component of a domain name is the top of the hierarchy. Putting a dot to the far right of a domain name makes it canonical, meaning that it's explicitly rooted at the top of the DNS hierarchy. In essence, it's the same as using a full distinguished name instead of a common name in an X.500 lookup, or putting a / at the beginning of a POSIX path.



Using a canonical FQDN has a few specific implications for how a client system will look up the DNS record for that domain:



  • It causes some resolvers to skip any locally defined entries (for example, it will cause some resolvers to ignore /etc/hosts on a UNIX-like system).

  • When used with the .local domain, it will force some systems to use mDNS instead of traditional DNS to try and resolve the name.

  • It causes all resolvers to ignore any configured search domain or local DNS domains when looking up the name.

That last part is the important part, and is the reason that the concept of a canonical FQDN exists. Most systems can be configured with what's called a search domain. When they go to resolve a given domain, they will try looking under any configured search domains first, and only resolve from the top of the hierarchy if they can't find the name in any configured search domains (so, if you had foo.com configured as a search domain on your system and tried to go to bar.com in a browser, it would (normally, see below) try to go to bar.com.foo.com first, and only if it couldn't find that would it try bar.com directly). Most, but not all, resolvers these days ignore the search domain when resolving a domain that ends with a known top-level domain name (.com, .net, etc), so it's not usually necessary for most users to use canonical FQDN's, and thus most people don't know about them.






share|improve this answer



























  • Thank you for your answer. I was really confused why I wasn't logged in to the website and noticed a dot was on the end of URL. After trying both of the urls with or without dot I thought the behavior was interesting :P Your explanation was clear and concise and gave me a relative understanding of why the browser reacted the way it did.

    – Riley Carney
    5 hours ago


















2














The explanation given by Mokubai is exactly correct, and the problem is in the browser
not identifying that this is the same domain and therefore not sending the cookies.



But the situation is even worse: The dot at the end marks the domain as
fully-qualified (unambiguous), which works quite well with the DNS,
since in the end
all domain names have a dot at the end, even if not specified by the user.



I have even gotten from Fiddler this dialog for superuser.com. (with dot):



enter image description here



Here are the headers sent with the requests.



https://superuser.com (sensitive info crossed out)



enter image description here



https://superuser.com. (with dot no sensitive info needs to be crossed out)



enter image description here



Conclusion: The problem is with the browser not ignoring a dot at the end of
a fully-qualified domain name, as is mandated by the DNS standard.



Further remark: The browser developers were not the only one to fall in this
trap. I have the NoScript add-on installed to stop all JavaScript, but
superuser.com (no dot) is allowed through. But NoScript still blocks
superuser.com. (with dot) as being an unknown website.






share|improve this answer



























  • Good reasoning, etc. but your conclusion is off. If I can hijack your DNS, and know what search-domain you have set, I could block access to youtube.com. (notice trailing . to make it fully qualified) and your browser would cheerfully accept youtube.com.your.search-domain.tld but it would appear in your browser URL field, etc. as youtube.com. It is good this behavior happens, even if youtube.com and youtube.com. resolve to the same address, etc.

    – ivanivan
    7 hours ago













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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









6














Adding the dot to the end of the domain name makes it a canonical fully-qualified domain name instead of just a regular fully-qualified domain name, and most browsers treat canonical domain names as being a different domain from the equivalent regular domain name (I'm not sure why they do this though).




A bit of background:



The domain name system is strictly hierarchical, just like a filesystem, or an X.500/LDAP directory. Unlike filesystems ro X.500 though, the hierarchy is listed right-to-left instead of left-to-right. So the rightmost component of a domain name is the top of the hierarchy. Putting a dot to the far right of a domain name makes it canonical, meaning that it's explicitly rooted at the top of the DNS hierarchy. In essence, it's the same as using a full distinguished name instead of a common name in an X.500 lookup, or putting a / at the beginning of a POSIX path.



Using a canonical FQDN has a few specific implications for how a client system will look up the DNS record for that domain:



  • It causes some resolvers to skip any locally defined entries (for example, it will cause some resolvers to ignore /etc/hosts on a UNIX-like system).

  • When used with the .local domain, it will force some systems to use mDNS instead of traditional DNS to try and resolve the name.

  • It causes all resolvers to ignore any configured search domain or local DNS domains when looking up the name.

That last part is the important part, and is the reason that the concept of a canonical FQDN exists. Most systems can be configured with what's called a search domain. When they go to resolve a given domain, they will try looking under any configured search domains first, and only resolve from the top of the hierarchy if they can't find the name in any configured search domains (so, if you had foo.com configured as a search domain on your system and tried to go to bar.com in a browser, it would (normally, see below) try to go to bar.com.foo.com first, and only if it couldn't find that would it try bar.com directly). Most, but not all, resolvers these days ignore the search domain when resolving a domain that ends with a known top-level domain name (.com, .net, etc), so it's not usually necessary for most users to use canonical FQDN's, and thus most people don't know about them.






share|improve this answer



























  • Thank you for your answer. I was really confused why I wasn't logged in to the website and noticed a dot was on the end of URL. After trying both of the urls with or without dot I thought the behavior was interesting :P Your explanation was clear and concise and gave me a relative understanding of why the browser reacted the way it did.

    – Riley Carney
    5 hours ago















6














Adding the dot to the end of the domain name makes it a canonical fully-qualified domain name instead of just a regular fully-qualified domain name, and most browsers treat canonical domain names as being a different domain from the equivalent regular domain name (I'm not sure why they do this though).




A bit of background:



The domain name system is strictly hierarchical, just like a filesystem, or an X.500/LDAP directory. Unlike filesystems ro X.500 though, the hierarchy is listed right-to-left instead of left-to-right. So the rightmost component of a domain name is the top of the hierarchy. Putting a dot to the far right of a domain name makes it canonical, meaning that it's explicitly rooted at the top of the DNS hierarchy. In essence, it's the same as using a full distinguished name instead of a common name in an X.500 lookup, or putting a / at the beginning of a POSIX path.



Using a canonical FQDN has a few specific implications for how a client system will look up the DNS record for that domain:



  • It causes some resolvers to skip any locally defined entries (for example, it will cause some resolvers to ignore /etc/hosts on a UNIX-like system).

  • When used with the .local domain, it will force some systems to use mDNS instead of traditional DNS to try and resolve the name.

  • It causes all resolvers to ignore any configured search domain or local DNS domains when looking up the name.

That last part is the important part, and is the reason that the concept of a canonical FQDN exists. Most systems can be configured with what's called a search domain. When they go to resolve a given domain, they will try looking under any configured search domains first, and only resolve from the top of the hierarchy if they can't find the name in any configured search domains (so, if you had foo.com configured as a search domain on your system and tried to go to bar.com in a browser, it would (normally, see below) try to go to bar.com.foo.com first, and only if it couldn't find that would it try bar.com directly). Most, but not all, resolvers these days ignore the search domain when resolving a domain that ends with a known top-level domain name (.com, .net, etc), so it's not usually necessary for most users to use canonical FQDN's, and thus most people don't know about them.






share|improve this answer



























  • Thank you for your answer. I was really confused why I wasn't logged in to the website and noticed a dot was on the end of URL. After trying both of the urls with or without dot I thought the behavior was interesting :P Your explanation was clear and concise and gave me a relative understanding of why the browser reacted the way it did.

    – Riley Carney
    5 hours ago













6












6








6







Adding the dot to the end of the domain name makes it a canonical fully-qualified domain name instead of just a regular fully-qualified domain name, and most browsers treat canonical domain names as being a different domain from the equivalent regular domain name (I'm not sure why they do this though).




A bit of background:



The domain name system is strictly hierarchical, just like a filesystem, or an X.500/LDAP directory. Unlike filesystems ro X.500 though, the hierarchy is listed right-to-left instead of left-to-right. So the rightmost component of a domain name is the top of the hierarchy. Putting a dot to the far right of a domain name makes it canonical, meaning that it's explicitly rooted at the top of the DNS hierarchy. In essence, it's the same as using a full distinguished name instead of a common name in an X.500 lookup, or putting a / at the beginning of a POSIX path.



Using a canonical FQDN has a few specific implications for how a client system will look up the DNS record for that domain:



  • It causes some resolvers to skip any locally defined entries (for example, it will cause some resolvers to ignore /etc/hosts on a UNIX-like system).

  • When used with the .local domain, it will force some systems to use mDNS instead of traditional DNS to try and resolve the name.

  • It causes all resolvers to ignore any configured search domain or local DNS domains when looking up the name.

That last part is the important part, and is the reason that the concept of a canonical FQDN exists. Most systems can be configured with what's called a search domain. When they go to resolve a given domain, they will try looking under any configured search domains first, and only resolve from the top of the hierarchy if they can't find the name in any configured search domains (so, if you had foo.com configured as a search domain on your system and tried to go to bar.com in a browser, it would (normally, see below) try to go to bar.com.foo.com first, and only if it couldn't find that would it try bar.com directly). Most, but not all, resolvers these days ignore the search domain when resolving a domain that ends with a known top-level domain name (.com, .net, etc), so it's not usually necessary for most users to use canonical FQDN's, and thus most people don't know about them.






share|improve this answer















Adding the dot to the end of the domain name makes it a canonical fully-qualified domain name instead of just a regular fully-qualified domain name, and most browsers treat canonical domain names as being a different domain from the equivalent regular domain name (I'm not sure why they do this though).




A bit of background:



The domain name system is strictly hierarchical, just like a filesystem, or an X.500/LDAP directory. Unlike filesystems ro X.500 though, the hierarchy is listed right-to-left instead of left-to-right. So the rightmost component of a domain name is the top of the hierarchy. Putting a dot to the far right of a domain name makes it canonical, meaning that it's explicitly rooted at the top of the DNS hierarchy. In essence, it's the same as using a full distinguished name instead of a common name in an X.500 lookup, or putting a / at the beginning of a POSIX path.



Using a canonical FQDN has a few specific implications for how a client system will look up the DNS record for that domain:



  • It causes some resolvers to skip any locally defined entries (for example, it will cause some resolvers to ignore /etc/hosts on a UNIX-like system).

  • When used with the .local domain, it will force some systems to use mDNS instead of traditional DNS to try and resolve the name.

  • It causes all resolvers to ignore any configured search domain or local DNS domains when looking up the name.

That last part is the important part, and is the reason that the concept of a canonical FQDN exists. Most systems can be configured with what's called a search domain. When they go to resolve a given domain, they will try looking under any configured search domains first, and only resolve from the top of the hierarchy if they can't find the name in any configured search domains (so, if you had foo.com configured as a search domain on your system and tried to go to bar.com in a browser, it would (normally, see below) try to go to bar.com.foo.com first, and only if it couldn't find that would it try bar.com directly). Most, but not all, resolvers these days ignore the search domain when resolving a domain that ends with a known top-level domain name (.com, .net, etc), so it's not usually necessary for most users to use canonical FQDN's, and thus most people don't know about them.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited 3 hours ago

























answered 7 hours ago









Austin HemmelgarnAustin Hemmelgarn

3,0172 silver badges9 bronze badges




3,0172 silver badges9 bronze badges















  • Thank you for your answer. I was really confused why I wasn't logged in to the website and noticed a dot was on the end of URL. After trying both of the urls with or without dot I thought the behavior was interesting :P Your explanation was clear and concise and gave me a relative understanding of why the browser reacted the way it did.

    – Riley Carney
    5 hours ago

















  • Thank you for your answer. I was really confused why I wasn't logged in to the website and noticed a dot was on the end of URL. After trying both of the urls with or without dot I thought the behavior was interesting :P Your explanation was clear and concise and gave me a relative understanding of why the browser reacted the way it did.

    – Riley Carney
    5 hours ago
















Thank you for your answer. I was really confused why I wasn't logged in to the website and noticed a dot was on the end of URL. After trying both of the urls with or without dot I thought the behavior was interesting :P Your explanation was clear and concise and gave me a relative understanding of why the browser reacted the way it did.

– Riley Carney
5 hours ago





Thank you for your answer. I was really confused why I wasn't logged in to the website and noticed a dot was on the end of URL. After trying both of the urls with or without dot I thought the behavior was interesting :P Your explanation was clear and concise and gave me a relative understanding of why the browser reacted the way it did.

– Riley Carney
5 hours ago













2














The explanation given by Mokubai is exactly correct, and the problem is in the browser
not identifying that this is the same domain and therefore not sending the cookies.



But the situation is even worse: The dot at the end marks the domain as
fully-qualified (unambiguous), which works quite well with the DNS,
since in the end
all domain names have a dot at the end, even if not specified by the user.



I have even gotten from Fiddler this dialog for superuser.com. (with dot):



enter image description here



Here are the headers sent with the requests.



https://superuser.com (sensitive info crossed out)



enter image description here



https://superuser.com. (with dot no sensitive info needs to be crossed out)



enter image description here



Conclusion: The problem is with the browser not ignoring a dot at the end of
a fully-qualified domain name, as is mandated by the DNS standard.



Further remark: The browser developers were not the only one to fall in this
trap. I have the NoScript add-on installed to stop all JavaScript, but
superuser.com (no dot) is allowed through. But NoScript still blocks
superuser.com. (with dot) as being an unknown website.






share|improve this answer



























  • Good reasoning, etc. but your conclusion is off. If I can hijack your DNS, and know what search-domain you have set, I could block access to youtube.com. (notice trailing . to make it fully qualified) and your browser would cheerfully accept youtube.com.your.search-domain.tld but it would appear in your browser URL field, etc. as youtube.com. It is good this behavior happens, even if youtube.com and youtube.com. resolve to the same address, etc.

    – ivanivan
    7 hours ago















2














The explanation given by Mokubai is exactly correct, and the problem is in the browser
not identifying that this is the same domain and therefore not sending the cookies.



But the situation is even worse: The dot at the end marks the domain as
fully-qualified (unambiguous), which works quite well with the DNS,
since in the end
all domain names have a dot at the end, even if not specified by the user.



I have even gotten from Fiddler this dialog for superuser.com. (with dot):



enter image description here



Here are the headers sent with the requests.



https://superuser.com (sensitive info crossed out)



enter image description here



https://superuser.com. (with dot no sensitive info needs to be crossed out)



enter image description here



Conclusion: The problem is with the browser not ignoring a dot at the end of
a fully-qualified domain name, as is mandated by the DNS standard.



Further remark: The browser developers were not the only one to fall in this
trap. I have the NoScript add-on installed to stop all JavaScript, but
superuser.com (no dot) is allowed through. But NoScript still blocks
superuser.com. (with dot) as being an unknown website.






share|improve this answer



























  • Good reasoning, etc. but your conclusion is off. If I can hijack your DNS, and know what search-domain you have set, I could block access to youtube.com. (notice trailing . to make it fully qualified) and your browser would cheerfully accept youtube.com.your.search-domain.tld but it would appear in your browser URL field, etc. as youtube.com. It is good this behavior happens, even if youtube.com and youtube.com. resolve to the same address, etc.

    – ivanivan
    7 hours ago













2












2








2







The explanation given by Mokubai is exactly correct, and the problem is in the browser
not identifying that this is the same domain and therefore not sending the cookies.



But the situation is even worse: The dot at the end marks the domain as
fully-qualified (unambiguous), which works quite well with the DNS,
since in the end
all domain names have a dot at the end, even if not specified by the user.



I have even gotten from Fiddler this dialog for superuser.com. (with dot):



enter image description here



Here are the headers sent with the requests.



https://superuser.com (sensitive info crossed out)



enter image description here



https://superuser.com. (with dot no sensitive info needs to be crossed out)



enter image description here



Conclusion: The problem is with the browser not ignoring a dot at the end of
a fully-qualified domain name, as is mandated by the DNS standard.



Further remark: The browser developers were not the only one to fall in this
trap. I have the NoScript add-on installed to stop all JavaScript, but
superuser.com (no dot) is allowed through. But NoScript still blocks
superuser.com. (with dot) as being an unknown website.






share|improve this answer















The explanation given by Mokubai is exactly correct, and the problem is in the browser
not identifying that this is the same domain and therefore not sending the cookies.



But the situation is even worse: The dot at the end marks the domain as
fully-qualified (unambiguous), which works quite well with the DNS,
since in the end
all domain names have a dot at the end, even if not specified by the user.



I have even gotten from Fiddler this dialog for superuser.com. (with dot):



enter image description here



Here are the headers sent with the requests.



https://superuser.com (sensitive info crossed out)



enter image description here



https://superuser.com. (with dot no sensitive info needs to be crossed out)



enter image description here



Conclusion: The problem is with the browser not ignoring a dot at the end of
a fully-qualified domain name, as is mandated by the DNS standard.



Further remark: The browser developers were not the only one to fall in this
trap. I have the NoScript add-on installed to stop all JavaScript, but
superuser.com (no dot) is allowed through. But NoScript still blocks
superuser.com. (with dot) as being an unknown website.







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edited 6 hours ago

























answered 7 hours ago









harrymcharrymc

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  • Good reasoning, etc. but your conclusion is off. If I can hijack your DNS, and know what search-domain you have set, I could block access to youtube.com. (notice trailing . to make it fully qualified) and your browser would cheerfully accept youtube.com.your.search-domain.tld but it would appear in your browser URL field, etc. as youtube.com. It is good this behavior happens, even if youtube.com and youtube.com. resolve to the same address, etc.

    – ivanivan
    7 hours ago

















  • Good reasoning, etc. but your conclusion is off. If I can hijack your DNS, and know what search-domain you have set, I could block access to youtube.com. (notice trailing . to make it fully qualified) and your browser would cheerfully accept youtube.com.your.search-domain.tld but it would appear in your browser URL field, etc. as youtube.com. It is good this behavior happens, even if youtube.com and youtube.com. resolve to the same address, etc.

    – ivanivan
    7 hours ago
















Good reasoning, etc. but your conclusion is off. If I can hijack your DNS, and know what search-domain you have set, I could block access to youtube.com. (notice trailing . to make it fully qualified) and your browser would cheerfully accept youtube.com.your.search-domain.tld but it would appear in your browser URL field, etc. as youtube.com. It is good this behavior happens, even if youtube.com and youtube.com. resolve to the same address, etc.

– ivanivan
7 hours ago





Good reasoning, etc. but your conclusion is off. If I can hijack your DNS, and know what search-domain you have set, I could block access to youtube.com. (notice trailing . to make it fully qualified) and your browser would cheerfully accept youtube.com.your.search-domain.tld but it would appear in your browser URL field, etc. as youtube.com. It is good this behavior happens, even if youtube.com and youtube.com. resolve to the same address, etc.

– ivanivan
7 hours ago










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Riley Carney is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.














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