Origin of the term “sinc” functionWhat is the origin of the term “spectrum” in mathematics?Origin of the term “localization” for the localization of a ringContinuous or analytic functions with this property of sinc functionWhat is the origin of the term magma?Origin of the term “weight” in representation theoryOrigin of the term “generic” in set theoryOrigin of the term “Diophantine equation”Origin of the name ''momentum map''Origin of the convolution theorem

Origin of the term “sinc” function


What is the origin of the term “spectrum” in mathematics?Origin of the term “localization” for the localization of a ringContinuous or analytic functions with this property of sinc functionWhat is the origin of the term magma?Origin of the term “weight” in representation theoryOrigin of the term “generic” in set theoryOrigin of the term “Diophantine equation”Origin of the name ''momentum map''Origin of the convolution theorem













5












$begingroup$


Is the sinc function defined here, really a short form of "sinus cardinalis" as proposed by Wikipedia? This information is deleted now but it existed some time ago. Even if we search Google Books for this term, a lot of new books call sinc as sinus cardinalis without even bothering to check Woodward's original paper. The origin of sinc is attributed to Peter Woodward's work dating 1952, but he never mentions sinus cardinalis anywhere. This term is not listed in any etymological dictionary of mathematics and even unabridged Oxford English Dictionary.



What is meant by cardinal sine, if we assume whoever tried to rationalize the term, thought of it as a meaningful term?



Here is the paragraph from Woodward, P. M.; Davies, I. L. (March 1952). "Information theory and inverse probability in telecommunication" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEE - Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering. 99 (58): 37–44. doi:10.1049/pi-3.1952.0011



Thanks.



Original Image










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    In French it's called "sinus cardinal".
    $endgroup$
    – YCor
    6 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    ... since at least G. Battail (1964, p. 128) and J. Lochard, Introduction et application de certains résultats de l’analyse à la théorie des signaux, L’Onde électrique 42 (1962) 709–714.
    $endgroup$
    – Francois Ziegler
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I think we should search something around 1952 or earlier. Most of the work on communications/signal processing was done in English, as far as I can guess.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    You may also post history questions at the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange.
    $endgroup$
    – Joel Reyes Noche
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    It was already asked by someone else and the answer was a cut-paste Wiki answer.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    2 hours ago















5












$begingroup$


Is the sinc function defined here, really a short form of "sinus cardinalis" as proposed by Wikipedia? This information is deleted now but it existed some time ago. Even if we search Google Books for this term, a lot of new books call sinc as sinus cardinalis without even bothering to check Woodward's original paper. The origin of sinc is attributed to Peter Woodward's work dating 1952, but he never mentions sinus cardinalis anywhere. This term is not listed in any etymological dictionary of mathematics and even unabridged Oxford English Dictionary.



What is meant by cardinal sine, if we assume whoever tried to rationalize the term, thought of it as a meaningful term?



Here is the paragraph from Woodward, P. M.; Davies, I. L. (March 1952). "Information theory and inverse probability in telecommunication" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEE - Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering. 99 (58): 37–44. doi:10.1049/pi-3.1952.0011



Thanks.



Original Image










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    In French it's called "sinus cardinal".
    $endgroup$
    – YCor
    6 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    ... since at least G. Battail (1964, p. 128) and J. Lochard, Introduction et application de certains résultats de l’analyse à la théorie des signaux, L’Onde électrique 42 (1962) 709–714.
    $endgroup$
    – Francois Ziegler
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I think we should search something around 1952 or earlier. Most of the work on communications/signal processing was done in English, as far as I can guess.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    You may also post history questions at the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange.
    $endgroup$
    – Joel Reyes Noche
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    It was already asked by someone else and the answer was a cut-paste Wiki answer.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    2 hours ago













5












5








5





$begingroup$


Is the sinc function defined here, really a short form of "sinus cardinalis" as proposed by Wikipedia? This information is deleted now but it existed some time ago. Even if we search Google Books for this term, a lot of new books call sinc as sinus cardinalis without even bothering to check Woodward's original paper. The origin of sinc is attributed to Peter Woodward's work dating 1952, but he never mentions sinus cardinalis anywhere. This term is not listed in any etymological dictionary of mathematics and even unabridged Oxford English Dictionary.



What is meant by cardinal sine, if we assume whoever tried to rationalize the term, thought of it as a meaningful term?



Here is the paragraph from Woodward, P. M.; Davies, I. L. (March 1952). "Information theory and inverse probability in telecommunication" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEE - Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering. 99 (58): 37–44. doi:10.1049/pi-3.1952.0011



Thanks.



Original Image










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




Is the sinc function defined here, really a short form of "sinus cardinalis" as proposed by Wikipedia? This information is deleted now but it existed some time ago. Even if we search Google Books for this term, a lot of new books call sinc as sinus cardinalis without even bothering to check Woodward's original paper. The origin of sinc is attributed to Peter Woodward's work dating 1952, but he never mentions sinus cardinalis anywhere. This term is not listed in any etymological dictionary of mathematics and even unabridged Oxford English Dictionary.



What is meant by cardinal sine, if we assume whoever tried to rationalize the term, thought of it as a meaningful term?



Here is the paragraph from Woodward, P. M.; Davies, I. L. (March 1952). "Information theory and inverse probability in telecommunication" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEE - Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering. 99 (58): 37–44. doi:10.1049/pi-3.1952.0011



Thanks.



Original Image







ho.history-overview fourier-analysis terminology






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited 5 hours ago









Francois Ziegler

21.9k3 gold badges81 silver badges129 bronze badges




21.9k3 gold badges81 silver badges129 bronze badges










asked 8 hours ago









M. FarooqM. Farooq

2336 bronze badges




2336 bronze badges














  • $begingroup$
    In French it's called "sinus cardinal".
    $endgroup$
    – YCor
    6 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    ... since at least G. Battail (1964, p. 128) and J. Lochard, Introduction et application de certains résultats de l’analyse à la théorie des signaux, L’Onde électrique 42 (1962) 709–714.
    $endgroup$
    – Francois Ziegler
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I think we should search something around 1952 or earlier. Most of the work on communications/signal processing was done in English, as far as I can guess.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    You may also post history questions at the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange.
    $endgroup$
    – Joel Reyes Noche
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    It was already asked by someone else and the answer was a cut-paste Wiki answer.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    2 hours ago
















  • $begingroup$
    In French it's called "sinus cardinal".
    $endgroup$
    – YCor
    6 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    ... since at least G. Battail (1964, p. 128) and J. Lochard, Introduction et application de certains résultats de l’analyse à la théorie des signaux, L’Onde électrique 42 (1962) 709–714.
    $endgroup$
    – Francois Ziegler
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I think we should search something around 1952 or earlier. Most of the work on communications/signal processing was done in English, as far as I can guess.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    You may also post history questions at the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange.
    $endgroup$
    – Joel Reyes Noche
    2 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    It was already asked by someone else and the answer was a cut-paste Wiki answer.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    2 hours ago















$begingroup$
In French it's called "sinus cardinal".
$endgroup$
– YCor
6 hours ago




$begingroup$
In French it's called "sinus cardinal".
$endgroup$
– YCor
6 hours ago




1




1




$begingroup$
... since at least G. Battail (1964, p. 128) and J. Lochard, Introduction et application de certains résultats de l’analyse à la théorie des signaux, L’Onde électrique 42 (1962) 709–714.
$endgroup$
– Francois Ziegler
5 hours ago




$begingroup$
... since at least G. Battail (1964, p. 128) and J. Lochard, Introduction et application de certains résultats de l’analyse à la théorie des signaux, L’Onde électrique 42 (1962) 709–714.
$endgroup$
– Francois Ziegler
5 hours ago












$begingroup$
I think we should search something around 1952 or earlier. Most of the work on communications/signal processing was done in English, as far as I can guess.
$endgroup$
– M. Farooq
5 hours ago




$begingroup$
I think we should search something around 1952 or earlier. Most of the work on communications/signal processing was done in English, as far as I can guess.
$endgroup$
– M. Farooq
5 hours ago












$begingroup$
You may also post history questions at the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange.
$endgroup$
– Joel Reyes Noche
2 hours ago




$begingroup$
You may also post history questions at the History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange.
$endgroup$
– Joel Reyes Noche
2 hours ago












$begingroup$
It was already asked by someone else and the answer was a cut-paste Wiki answer.
$endgroup$
– M. Farooq
2 hours ago




$begingroup$
It was already asked by someone else and the answer was a cut-paste Wiki answer.
$endgroup$
– M. Farooq
2 hours ago










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















4














$begingroup$

The Wikipedia page for the Shannon-Whittaker reconstruction formula states that Whittaker used the term "cardinal series" for the reconstruction formula
$$
f(t) = sum_ninmathbbN f(n)mathrmsinc((t-nT)/T)
$$

as early as 1915. This may explain the name "cardinal sine".






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$










  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked the Whitaker's Original Paper, Whittaker, E. T. (1915). XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 35, 181–194. doi:10.1017/s0370164600017806, he never uses the term cardinal sine or sinus cardinalis. He does introduce the term cardinal. I think the question is now who associated the term sinus cardinalis to the Whitaker's relation.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago














Your Answer








StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "504"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"u003ecc by-sa 4.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);














draft saved

draft discarded
















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmathoverflow.net%2fquestions%2f341436%2forigin-of-the-term-sinc-function%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









4














$begingroup$

The Wikipedia page for the Shannon-Whittaker reconstruction formula states that Whittaker used the term "cardinal series" for the reconstruction formula
$$
f(t) = sum_ninmathbbN f(n)mathrmsinc((t-nT)/T)
$$

as early as 1915. This may explain the name "cardinal sine".






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$










  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked the Whitaker's Original Paper, Whittaker, E. T. (1915). XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 35, 181–194. doi:10.1017/s0370164600017806, he never uses the term cardinal sine or sinus cardinalis. He does introduce the term cardinal. I think the question is now who associated the term sinus cardinalis to the Whitaker's relation.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago
















4














$begingroup$

The Wikipedia page for the Shannon-Whittaker reconstruction formula states that Whittaker used the term "cardinal series" for the reconstruction formula
$$
f(t) = sum_ninmathbbN f(n)mathrmsinc((t-nT)/T)
$$

as early as 1915. This may explain the name "cardinal sine".






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$










  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked the Whitaker's Original Paper, Whittaker, E. T. (1915). XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 35, 181–194. doi:10.1017/s0370164600017806, he never uses the term cardinal sine or sinus cardinalis. He does introduce the term cardinal. I think the question is now who associated the term sinus cardinalis to the Whitaker's relation.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago














4














4










4







$begingroup$

The Wikipedia page for the Shannon-Whittaker reconstruction formula states that Whittaker used the term "cardinal series" for the reconstruction formula
$$
f(t) = sum_ninmathbbN f(n)mathrmsinc((t-nT)/T)
$$

as early as 1915. This may explain the name "cardinal sine".






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$



The Wikipedia page for the Shannon-Whittaker reconstruction formula states that Whittaker used the term "cardinal series" for the reconstruction formula
$$
f(t) = sum_ninmathbbN f(n)mathrmsinc((t-nT)/T)
$$

as early as 1915. This may explain the name "cardinal sine".







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered 7 hours ago









DirkDirk

8,0034 gold badges33 silver badges70 bronze badges




8,0034 gold badges33 silver badges70 bronze badges










  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked the Whitaker's Original Paper, Whittaker, E. T. (1915). XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 35, 181–194. doi:10.1017/s0370164600017806, he never uses the term cardinal sine or sinus cardinalis. He does introduce the term cardinal. I think the question is now who associated the term sinus cardinalis to the Whitaker's relation.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago













  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I checked the Whitaker's Original Paper, Whittaker, E. T. (1915). XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 35, 181–194. doi:10.1017/s0370164600017806, he never uses the term cardinal sine or sinus cardinalis. He does introduce the term cardinal. I think the question is now who associated the term sinus cardinalis to the Whitaker's relation.
    $endgroup$
    – M. Farooq
    5 hours ago








1




1




$begingroup$
I checked the Whitaker's Original Paper, Whittaker, E. T. (1915). XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 35, 181–194. doi:10.1017/s0370164600017806, he never uses the term cardinal sine or sinus cardinalis. He does introduce the term cardinal. I think the question is now who associated the term sinus cardinalis to the Whitaker's relation.
$endgroup$
– M. Farooq
5 hours ago





$begingroup$
I checked the Whitaker's Original Paper, Whittaker, E. T. (1915). XVIII.—On the Functions which are represented by the Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 35, 181–194. doi:10.1017/s0370164600017806, he never uses the term cardinal sine or sinus cardinalis. He does introduce the term cardinal. I think the question is now who associated the term sinus cardinalis to the Whitaker's relation.
$endgroup$
– M. Farooq
5 hours ago



















draft saved

draft discarded















































Thanks for contributing an answer to MathOverflow!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmathoverflow.net%2fquestions%2f341436%2forigin-of-the-term-sinc-function%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

19. јануар Садржај Догађаји Рођења Смрти Празници и дани сећања Види још Референце Мени за навигацијуу

Israel Cuprins Etimologie | Istorie | Geografie | Politică | Demografie | Educație | Economie | Cultură | Note explicative | Note bibliografice | Bibliografie | Legături externe | Meniu de navigaresite web oficialfacebooktweeterGoogle+Instagramcanal YouTubeInstagramtextmodificaremodificarewww.technion.ac.ilnew.huji.ac.ilwww.weizmann.ac.ilwww1.biu.ac.ilenglish.tau.ac.ilwww.haifa.ac.ilin.bgu.ac.ilwww.openu.ac.ilwww.ariel.ac.ilCIA FactbookHarta Israelului"Negotiating Jerusalem," Palestine–Israel JournalThe Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past„Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge”„Latest Population Statistics for Israel”„Israel Population”„Tables”„Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone„Distribution of family income - Gini index”The World FactbookJerusalem Law„Israel”„Israel”„Zionist Leaders: David Ben-Gurion 1886–1973”„The status of Jerusalem”„Analysis: Kadima's big plans”„Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons”„The Legacy of Undefined Borders, Tel Aviv Notes No. 40, 5 iunie 2002”„Israel Journal: A Land Without Borders”„Population”„Israel closes decade with population of 7.5 million”Time Series-DataBank„Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew)”Golan belongs to Syria, Druze protestGlobal Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in FreedomWHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the worldInternational Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011: Nominal GDP list of countries. Data for the year 2010.„Israel's accession to the OECD”Popular Opinion„On the Move”Hosea 12:5„Walking the Bible Timeline”„Palestine: History”„Return to Zion”An invention called 'the Jewish people' – Haaretz – Israel NewsoriginalJewish and Non-Jewish Population of Palestine-Israel (1517–2004)ImmigrationJewishvirtuallibrary.orgChapter One: The Heralders of Zionism„The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history”„League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, 24 iulie 1922”The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948originalBackground Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)History: Foreign DominationTwo Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting„Israel (Labor Zionism)”Population, by Religion and Population GroupThe Suez CrisisAdolf EichmannJustice Ministry Reply to Amnesty International Report„The Interregnum”Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs – The Palestinian National Covenant- July 1968Research on terrorism: trends, achievements & failuresThe Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli conflict: The Complete History of the Struggle and the Efforts to Resolve It"George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82."„1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces”Agranat Commission„Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?”original„After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders”From the End of the Cold War to 2001originalThe Oslo Accords, 1993Israel-PLO Recognition – Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat – Sept 9- 1993Foundation for Middle East PeaceSources of Population Growth: Total Israeli Population and Settler Population, 1991–2003original„Israel marks Rabin assassination”The Wye River Memorandumoriginal„West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2”"Permanent Ceasefire to Be Based on Creation Of Buffer Zone Free of Armed Personnel Other than UN, Lebanese Forces"„Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border”„Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria”„Battleground Gaza: Israeli ground forces invade the strip”„IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal, hours after ending 3-week offensive”„THE LAND: Geography and Climate”„Area of districts, sub-districts, natural regions and lakes”„Israel - Geography”„Makhteshim Country”Israel and the Palestinian Territories„Makhtesh Ramon”„The Living Dead Sea”„Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan”„Climate Extremes In Israel”Israel in figures„Deuteronom”„JNF: 240 million trees planted since 1901”„Vegetation of Israel and Neighboring Countries”Environmental Law in Israel„Executive branch”„Israel's election process explained”„The Electoral System in Israel”„Constitution for Israel”„All 120 incoming Knesset members”„Statul ISRAEL”„The Judiciary: The Court System”„Israel's high court unique in region”„Israel and the International Criminal Court: A Legal Battlefield”„Localities and population, by population group, district, sub-district and natural region”„Israel: Districts, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Metropolitan Areas”„Israel-Egypt Relations: Background & Overview of Peace Treaty”„Solana to Haaretz: New Rules of War Needed for Age of Terror”„Israel's Announcement Regarding Settlements”„United Nations Security Council Resolution 497”„Security Council resolution 478 (1980) on the status of Jerusalem”„Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall”„Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace”„Mapping Peace between Syria and Israel”„Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula”„Israel: Age structure from 2005 to 2015”„Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition”10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X„World Health Statistics 2014”„Life expectancy for Israeli men world's 4th highest”„Family Structure and Well-Being Across Israel's Diverse Population”„Fertility among Jewish and Muslim Women in Israel, by Level of Religiosity, 1979-2009”„Israel leaders in birth rate, but poverty major challenge”„Ethnic Groups”„Israel's population: Over 8.5 million”„Israel - Ethnic groups”„Jews, by country of origin and age”„Minority Communities in Israel: Background & Overview”„Israel”„Language in Israel”„Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages”„Religions”„5 facts about Israeli Druze, a unique religious and ethnic group”„Israël”Israel Country Study Guide„Haredi city in Negev – blessing or curse?”„New town Harish harbors hopes of being more than another Pleasantville”„List of localities, in alphabetical order”„Muncitorii români, doriți în Israel”„Prietenia româno-israeliană la nevoie se cunoaște”„The Higher Education System in Israel”„Middle East”„Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016”„Israel”„Israel”„Jewish Nobel Prize Winners”„All Nobel Prizes in Literature”„All Nobel Peace Prizes”„All Prizes in Economic Sciences”„All Nobel Prizes in Chemistry”„List of Fields Medallists”„Sakharov Prize”„Țara care și-a sfidat "destinul" și se bate umăr la umăr cu Silicon Valley”„Apple's R&D center in Israel grew to about 800 employees”„Tim Cook: Apple's Herzliya R&D center second-largest in world”„Lecții de economie de la Israel”„Land use”Israel Investment and Business GuideA Country Study: IsraelCentral Bureau of StatisticsFlorin Diaconu, „Kadima: Flexibilitate și pragmatism, dar nici un compromis în chestiuni vitale", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 71-72Florin Diaconu, „Likud: Dreapta israeliană constant opusă retrocedării teritoriilor cureite prin luptă în 1967", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 73-74MassadaIsraelul a crescut in 50 de ani cât alte state intr-un mileniuIsrael Government PortalIsraelIsraelIsraelmmmmmXX451232cb118646298(data)4027808-634110000 0004 0372 0767n7900328503691455-bb46-37e3-91d2-cb064a35ffcc1003570400564274ge1294033523775214929302638955X146498911146498911

Черчино Становништво Референце Спољашње везе Мени за навигацију46°09′29″ СГШ; 9°30′29″ ИГД / 46.15809° СГШ; 9.50814° ИГД / 46.15809; 9.5081446°09′29″ СГШ; 9°30′29″ ИГД / 46.15809° СГШ; 9.50814° ИГД / 46.15809; 9.508143179111„The GeoNames geographical database”„Istituto Nazionale di Statistica”Званични веб-сајтпроширитиуу