Where did the 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 number come from?How many planets exist within a single galaxy of “No Man's Sky”?No Mans Sky sizeHow actually probable is to “meet” other people in No Man's Sky?How many planets exist within a single galaxy of “No Man's Sky”?How come mining elements sometimes yields no resources?Causes for bug where starship is sent straight to orbit from ground?Can we visit any star in No Man's Sky?What happens if you go away from the center in No Man's Sky?What's the maximum number of slots for a multi-tool?Did the Exosuit upgrade in the space stations get removed?Cannot get advanced mining laser from outpostMax number of missions per day (24 real time hours)?

Would a horse be sufficient buffer to prevent injury when falling from a great height?

Impossible violin chord, how to fix this?

How to stop the death waves in my city?

French license plates

What should I consider when deciding whether to delay an exam?

Should I be on the paper from another PhD student that I constantly went on his meetings?

How to prevent pickpocketing in busy bars?

How many stack cables would be needed if we want to stack two 3850 switches

Science fiction episode about the creation of a living pegasus, even though flightless

Implementation of a Thread Pool in C++

Duck, duck, gone!

Looking for circuit board material that can be dissolved

Why is Pelosi so opposed to impeaching Trump?

If a spaceship ran out of fuel somewhere in space between Earth and Mars, does it slowly drift off to the Sun?

Contour integration with infinite poles

Windows 10 deletes lots of tiny files super slowly. Anything that can be done to speed it up?

A famous scholar sent me an unpublished draft of hers. Then she died. I think her work should be published. What should I do?

Worlds with different mathematics and logic

Fix Ethernet 10/100 PoE cable with 7 out of 8 wires alive

As a team leader is it appropriate to bring in fundraiser candy?

What makes learning more difficult as we age?

what organs or modifications would be needed to have hairy fish?

What is the logical distinction between “the same” and “equal to?”

I transpose the source code, you transpose the input!



Where did the 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 number come from?


How many planets exist within a single galaxy of “No Man's Sky”?No Mans Sky sizeHow actually probable is to “meet” other people in No Man's Sky?How many planets exist within a single galaxy of “No Man's Sky”?How come mining elements sometimes yields no resources?Causes for bug where starship is sent straight to orbit from ground?Can we visit any star in No Man's Sky?What happens if you go away from the center in No Man's Sky?What's the maximum number of slots for a multi-tool?Did the Exosuit upgrade in the space stations get removed?Cannot get advanced mining laser from outpostMax number of missions per day (24 real time hours)?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








58















Reading about No Mans Sky, and hearing about the 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 planets there are, I'm curious, where did that number come from? Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets, and if1 they're all found, the next planet would be a repeat? Or does it mean they've places some kind of "hard limit" in the code for that number? Or something else completely?



My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.



1 I know that this will never happen



Update: I've reached out to Hello Games, and if they reply (I imagine they're still a little busy at the moment!) I'll update this post with what they say.










share|improve this question





















  • 4





    Fun fact! This number is so large that every player on Earth would need to reach a cumulative ~ 607,000,000 (Six hundred million) planets in order to have just a 1% probability of any repeated planets. Not entirely unreasonable if the game is wildly successful for a long long time, but very very unlikely.

    – Brian C
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:26











  • I don't think they're using that number as a seed but merely as an ID number, though I could be mistaken.

    – WeRelic
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:45






  • 89





    Well son, when two integers love each other very much...

    – corsiKa
    Aug 9 '16 at 23:05






  • 2





    Actually it has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique input values.

    – OrangeDog
    Aug 10 '16 at 11:08











  • @corsiKa: Oh, is that when they start multiplying?

    – Mehrdad
    Aug 12 '16 at 3:08

















58















Reading about No Mans Sky, and hearing about the 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 planets there are, I'm curious, where did that number come from? Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets, and if1 they're all found, the next planet would be a repeat? Or does it mean they've places some kind of "hard limit" in the code for that number? Or something else completely?



My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.



1 I know that this will never happen



Update: I've reached out to Hello Games, and if they reply (I imagine they're still a little busy at the moment!) I'll update this post with what they say.










share|improve this question





















  • 4





    Fun fact! This number is so large that every player on Earth would need to reach a cumulative ~ 607,000,000 (Six hundred million) planets in order to have just a 1% probability of any repeated planets. Not entirely unreasonable if the game is wildly successful for a long long time, but very very unlikely.

    – Brian C
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:26











  • I don't think they're using that number as a seed but merely as an ID number, though I could be mistaken.

    – WeRelic
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:45






  • 89





    Well son, when two integers love each other very much...

    – corsiKa
    Aug 9 '16 at 23:05






  • 2





    Actually it has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique input values.

    – OrangeDog
    Aug 10 '16 at 11:08











  • @corsiKa: Oh, is that when they start multiplying?

    – Mehrdad
    Aug 12 '16 at 3:08













58












58








58


5






Reading about No Mans Sky, and hearing about the 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 planets there are, I'm curious, where did that number come from? Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets, and if1 they're all found, the next planet would be a repeat? Or does it mean they've places some kind of "hard limit" in the code for that number? Or something else completely?



My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.



1 I know that this will never happen



Update: I've reached out to Hello Games, and if they reply (I imagine they're still a little busy at the moment!) I'll update this post with what they say.










share|improve this question
















Reading about No Mans Sky, and hearing about the 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 planets there are, I'm curious, where did that number come from? Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets, and if1 they're all found, the next planet would be a repeat? Or does it mean they've places some kind of "hard limit" in the code for that number? Or something else completely?



My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.



1 I know that this will never happen



Update: I've reached out to Hello Games, and if they reply (I imagine they're still a little busy at the moment!) I'll update this post with what they say.







no-mans-sky






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Aug 11 '16 at 8:47







TMH

















asked Aug 9 '16 at 15:54









TMHTMH

1,3058 gold badges23 silver badges36 bronze badges




1,3058 gold badges23 silver badges36 bronze badges










  • 4





    Fun fact! This number is so large that every player on Earth would need to reach a cumulative ~ 607,000,000 (Six hundred million) planets in order to have just a 1% probability of any repeated planets. Not entirely unreasonable if the game is wildly successful for a long long time, but very very unlikely.

    – Brian C
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:26











  • I don't think they're using that number as a seed but merely as an ID number, though I could be mistaken.

    – WeRelic
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:45






  • 89





    Well son, when two integers love each other very much...

    – corsiKa
    Aug 9 '16 at 23:05






  • 2





    Actually it has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique input values.

    – OrangeDog
    Aug 10 '16 at 11:08











  • @corsiKa: Oh, is that when they start multiplying?

    – Mehrdad
    Aug 12 '16 at 3:08












  • 4





    Fun fact! This number is so large that every player on Earth would need to reach a cumulative ~ 607,000,000 (Six hundred million) planets in order to have just a 1% probability of any repeated planets. Not entirely unreasonable if the game is wildly successful for a long long time, but very very unlikely.

    – Brian C
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:26











  • I don't think they're using that number as a seed but merely as an ID number, though I could be mistaken.

    – WeRelic
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:45






  • 89





    Well son, when two integers love each other very much...

    – corsiKa
    Aug 9 '16 at 23:05






  • 2





    Actually it has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique input values.

    – OrangeDog
    Aug 10 '16 at 11:08











  • @corsiKa: Oh, is that when they start multiplying?

    – Mehrdad
    Aug 12 '16 at 3:08







4




4





Fun fact! This number is so large that every player on Earth would need to reach a cumulative ~ 607,000,000 (Six hundred million) planets in order to have just a 1% probability of any repeated planets. Not entirely unreasonable if the game is wildly successful for a long long time, but very very unlikely.

– Brian C
Aug 9 '16 at 18:26





Fun fact! This number is so large that every player on Earth would need to reach a cumulative ~ 607,000,000 (Six hundred million) planets in order to have just a 1% probability of any repeated planets. Not entirely unreasonable if the game is wildly successful for a long long time, but very very unlikely.

– Brian C
Aug 9 '16 at 18:26













I don't think they're using that number as a seed but merely as an ID number, though I could be mistaken.

– WeRelic
Aug 9 '16 at 18:45





I don't think they're using that number as a seed but merely as an ID number, though I could be mistaken.

– WeRelic
Aug 9 '16 at 18:45




89




89





Well son, when two integers love each other very much...

– corsiKa
Aug 9 '16 at 23:05





Well son, when two integers love each other very much...

– corsiKa
Aug 9 '16 at 23:05




2




2





Actually it has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique input values.

– OrangeDog
Aug 10 '16 at 11:08





Actually it has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique input values.

– OrangeDog
Aug 10 '16 at 11:08













@corsiKa: Oh, is that when they start multiplying?

– Mehrdad
Aug 12 '16 at 3:08





@corsiKa: Oh, is that when they start multiplying?

– Mehrdad
Aug 12 '16 at 3:08










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















97
















18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. I assume that this means the planet generation algorithm is based on a random seed that is a 64-bit number (e.g. the long type in many programming language). I don't know how (or even if; how would anyone check?) they guarantee that all possible inputs are used and that none are repeated.



EDIT: While it's still true that this number is 2^64 (and it still appears in some statements in the lore, so could be said to be the number of planets that exist in-universe), there are not this many planets in the game. Since the Atlas Rises update, there are 256 (257? It's not entirely clear) galaxies, and each planet has a 12-digit hex coordinate that identifies it within the galaxy. This coordinate is divided into parts:



  • 3 digits ea. X and Z coordinates of region (a region is a cube-shaped volume of space)

  • 2 digits Y coordinate of region

  • 3 digits system within region (known regions have 533 to 553 systems, so not all values are used)

  • 1 digit planet within system (0 is not used, largest known system is 6 planets and 2 moons)

So, putting that all together, there are about 600 trillion systems. If eight bodies per system is typical (in practice this is a high estimate), that's about 5 quadrillion, still far from the 18 quintillion being discussed here.



In practice it doesn't matter, because if a new system were discovered every second, it would take 74,000 years to reach all of the systems in one galaxy.






share|improve this answer






















  • 1





    I heard that the "seed" is whatever (your|your ships|the planets) current position is, so I guess there will be a rough game.getPlayer().getCoords().toLong() thing for getting the seed. Maybe this a question for maths.se whether or not it;s possible to prove how many outcomes a function would have.

    – TMH
    Aug 9 '16 at 16:03






  • 24





    wouldn't they just use one seed for generation? I don't get why they would need to regenerate the seeds, which would in turn regenerate the universe.

    – edthethird
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:51






  • 8





    @edthethird this is because they will be using a pseudo random number generator, which will actually be a deterministic algorithm for creating numbers starting from an initial condition (the seed.) Therefore, the same seed input will result in the same set of numbers from a pseudo random number generator in which to generate the same planet. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator for more details.

    – Nick Meldrum
    Aug 9 '16 at 22:09







  • 2





    @edthethird I think people are saying that the universe generator is separate to the planet generator, and that they have their own seeds.

    – OrangeDog
    Aug 10 '16 at 11:07











  • still, the generation of a planet would only happen once- so sure they can use every seed in existence for every planet, however they would still only use them once. cool makes sense

    – edthethird
    Aug 10 '16 at 15:00


















66

















I'm curious, where did that number come from?




18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. In programming terms, 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 tends to be the upper limit of an unsigned long long, but this depends on the implementation. 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 will be all of the possible numbers for an unsigned long long, including 0 (i.e. 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 + 1).



Essentially, it is very likely brought about by the limits of a data type. In this game it appears the data type is the planet seed.



A seed is a variable for generating (pseudo) random data in an algorithm. Assuming the algorithm remains unchanged, the same seed will generate the same data.



Therefore, using the same planet seed will give you the same planet. If you have played Minecraft, you will probably understand the general concept of re-using seeds to get the same map.



2^64 for a seed appears to be chosen to give the illusion of infinite worlds. Technically, there can only be 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 worlds via this seed. Functionality, it would take 584 million years if you could visit a new world every 1 second, or to quote from the same article:




It would take about 7.3 billion persons, all working from birth until death, visiting a planet every second of their lives in this game, to see 18.4 quintillion worlds combined. The current population of Earth is 8 billion people. So, yeah, No Man's Sky has an infinite universe, to any reasonable person, anyway.






Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets




No, there is no guarantee that 2 unique seeds will give 2 unique planets. For example, seed 1 and 90,000 may generate the same planet. This will all depend on the algorithm itself.



In order for the algorithm to generate a unique planet for all seeds:



  1. There are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 or more unique combinations of planet properties

  2. The algorithm maps seeds to each of these unique states once only

Without any analysis on the algorithm involved we can only speculate if this occurs.



All I could find out about the algorithm is that it has 14,000 lines and was written in a way to create navigable worlds. Making them navigable suggests there is some simplification applied to prevent complex structures. Common sense would suggest that this limits the uniqueness of planets.



Functionally, it would seem likely that each planet you visit will be unique. Technically, well like I said above, it will depend on the algorithm.





My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.




The algorithm would only allow a seed from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, inclusive. If you could somehow add a value greater than 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 I would assume that you would either see a crash, error or an overflow to a valid number. For example, 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 may just overflow to 0.



Essentially, I am almost certain that 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is the maximum seed, regardless of any tricks to force a higher seed value.






share|improve this answer



























  • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

    – Robotnik
    Aug 12 '16 at 2:13


















-1
















This number comes, when you start addition from 1 and end on 65 count.



sum = 1



sum = sum + sum (do this for 65 times)



you will get your number.
18,446,744,073,709,551,616






share|improve this answer








New contributor



Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.























    Your Answer








    StackExchange.ready(function()
    var channelOptions =
    tags: "".split(" "),
    id: "41"
    ;
    initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

    StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
    // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
    if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
    StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
    createEditor();
    );

    else
    createEditor();

    );

    function createEditor()
    StackExchange.prepareEditor(
    heartbeatType: 'answer',
    autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
    convertImagesToLinks: false,
    noModals: true,
    showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
    reputationToPostImages: null,
    bindNavPrevention: true,
    postfix: "",
    imageUploader:
    brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
    contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"u003ecc by-sa 4.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
    allowUrls: true
    ,
    noCode: true, onDemand: true,
    discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
    ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
    );



    );














    draft saved

    draft discarded
















    StackExchange.ready(
    function ()
    StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fgaming.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f280903%2fwhere-did-the-18-446-744-073-709-551-616-number-come-from%23new-answer', 'question_page');

    );

    Post as a guest















    Required, but never shown

























    3 Answers
    3






    active

    oldest

    votes








    3 Answers
    3






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes









    97
















    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. I assume that this means the planet generation algorithm is based on a random seed that is a 64-bit number (e.g. the long type in many programming language). I don't know how (or even if; how would anyone check?) they guarantee that all possible inputs are used and that none are repeated.



    EDIT: While it's still true that this number is 2^64 (and it still appears in some statements in the lore, so could be said to be the number of planets that exist in-universe), there are not this many planets in the game. Since the Atlas Rises update, there are 256 (257? It's not entirely clear) galaxies, and each planet has a 12-digit hex coordinate that identifies it within the galaxy. This coordinate is divided into parts:



    • 3 digits ea. X and Z coordinates of region (a region is a cube-shaped volume of space)

    • 2 digits Y coordinate of region

    • 3 digits system within region (known regions have 533 to 553 systems, so not all values are used)

    • 1 digit planet within system (0 is not used, largest known system is 6 planets and 2 moons)

    So, putting that all together, there are about 600 trillion systems. If eight bodies per system is typical (in practice this is a high estimate), that's about 5 quadrillion, still far from the 18 quintillion being discussed here.



    In practice it doesn't matter, because if a new system were discovered every second, it would take 74,000 years to reach all of the systems in one galaxy.






    share|improve this answer






















    • 1





      I heard that the "seed" is whatever (your|your ships|the planets) current position is, so I guess there will be a rough game.getPlayer().getCoords().toLong() thing for getting the seed. Maybe this a question for maths.se whether or not it;s possible to prove how many outcomes a function would have.

      – TMH
      Aug 9 '16 at 16:03






    • 24





      wouldn't they just use one seed for generation? I don't get why they would need to regenerate the seeds, which would in turn regenerate the universe.

      – edthethird
      Aug 9 '16 at 18:51






    • 8





      @edthethird this is because they will be using a pseudo random number generator, which will actually be a deterministic algorithm for creating numbers starting from an initial condition (the seed.) Therefore, the same seed input will result in the same set of numbers from a pseudo random number generator in which to generate the same planet. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator for more details.

      – Nick Meldrum
      Aug 9 '16 at 22:09







    • 2





      @edthethird I think people are saying that the universe generator is separate to the planet generator, and that they have their own seeds.

      – OrangeDog
      Aug 10 '16 at 11:07











    • still, the generation of a planet would only happen once- so sure they can use every seed in existence for every planet, however they would still only use them once. cool makes sense

      – edthethird
      Aug 10 '16 at 15:00















    97
















    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. I assume that this means the planet generation algorithm is based on a random seed that is a 64-bit number (e.g. the long type in many programming language). I don't know how (or even if; how would anyone check?) they guarantee that all possible inputs are used and that none are repeated.



    EDIT: While it's still true that this number is 2^64 (and it still appears in some statements in the lore, so could be said to be the number of planets that exist in-universe), there are not this many planets in the game. Since the Atlas Rises update, there are 256 (257? It's not entirely clear) galaxies, and each planet has a 12-digit hex coordinate that identifies it within the galaxy. This coordinate is divided into parts:



    • 3 digits ea. X and Z coordinates of region (a region is a cube-shaped volume of space)

    • 2 digits Y coordinate of region

    • 3 digits system within region (known regions have 533 to 553 systems, so not all values are used)

    • 1 digit planet within system (0 is not used, largest known system is 6 planets and 2 moons)

    So, putting that all together, there are about 600 trillion systems. If eight bodies per system is typical (in practice this is a high estimate), that's about 5 quadrillion, still far from the 18 quintillion being discussed here.



    In practice it doesn't matter, because if a new system were discovered every second, it would take 74,000 years to reach all of the systems in one galaxy.






    share|improve this answer






















    • 1





      I heard that the "seed" is whatever (your|your ships|the planets) current position is, so I guess there will be a rough game.getPlayer().getCoords().toLong() thing for getting the seed. Maybe this a question for maths.se whether or not it;s possible to prove how many outcomes a function would have.

      – TMH
      Aug 9 '16 at 16:03






    • 24





      wouldn't they just use one seed for generation? I don't get why they would need to regenerate the seeds, which would in turn regenerate the universe.

      – edthethird
      Aug 9 '16 at 18:51






    • 8





      @edthethird this is because they will be using a pseudo random number generator, which will actually be a deterministic algorithm for creating numbers starting from an initial condition (the seed.) Therefore, the same seed input will result in the same set of numbers from a pseudo random number generator in which to generate the same planet. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator for more details.

      – Nick Meldrum
      Aug 9 '16 at 22:09







    • 2





      @edthethird I think people are saying that the universe generator is separate to the planet generator, and that they have their own seeds.

      – OrangeDog
      Aug 10 '16 at 11:07











    • still, the generation of a planet would only happen once- so sure they can use every seed in existence for every planet, however they would still only use them once. cool makes sense

      – edthethird
      Aug 10 '16 at 15:00













    97














    97










    97









    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. I assume that this means the planet generation algorithm is based on a random seed that is a 64-bit number (e.g. the long type in many programming language). I don't know how (or even if; how would anyone check?) they guarantee that all possible inputs are used and that none are repeated.



    EDIT: While it's still true that this number is 2^64 (and it still appears in some statements in the lore, so could be said to be the number of planets that exist in-universe), there are not this many planets in the game. Since the Atlas Rises update, there are 256 (257? It's not entirely clear) galaxies, and each planet has a 12-digit hex coordinate that identifies it within the galaxy. This coordinate is divided into parts:



    • 3 digits ea. X and Z coordinates of region (a region is a cube-shaped volume of space)

    • 2 digits Y coordinate of region

    • 3 digits system within region (known regions have 533 to 553 systems, so not all values are used)

    • 1 digit planet within system (0 is not used, largest known system is 6 planets and 2 moons)

    So, putting that all together, there are about 600 trillion systems. If eight bodies per system is typical (in practice this is a high estimate), that's about 5 quadrillion, still far from the 18 quintillion being discussed here.



    In practice it doesn't matter, because if a new system were discovered every second, it would take 74,000 years to reach all of the systems in one galaxy.






    share|improve this answer















    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. I assume that this means the planet generation algorithm is based on a random seed that is a 64-bit number (e.g. the long type in many programming language). I don't know how (or even if; how would anyone check?) they guarantee that all possible inputs are used and that none are repeated.



    EDIT: While it's still true that this number is 2^64 (and it still appears in some statements in the lore, so could be said to be the number of planets that exist in-universe), there are not this many planets in the game. Since the Atlas Rises update, there are 256 (257? It's not entirely clear) galaxies, and each planet has a 12-digit hex coordinate that identifies it within the galaxy. This coordinate is divided into parts:



    • 3 digits ea. X and Z coordinates of region (a region is a cube-shaped volume of space)

    • 2 digits Y coordinate of region

    • 3 digits system within region (known regions have 533 to 553 systems, so not all values are used)

    • 1 digit planet within system (0 is not used, largest known system is 6 planets and 2 moons)

    So, putting that all together, there are about 600 trillion systems. If eight bodies per system is typical (in practice this is a high estimate), that's about 5 quadrillion, still far from the 18 quintillion being discussed here.



    In practice it doesn't matter, because if a new system were discovered every second, it would take 74,000 years to reach all of the systems in one galaxy.







    share|improve this answer














    share|improve this answer



    share|improve this answer








    edited Aug 15 '18 at 16:21

























    answered Aug 9 '16 at 15:57









    Random832Random832

    9607 silver badges6 bronze badges




    9607 silver badges6 bronze badges










    • 1





      I heard that the "seed" is whatever (your|your ships|the planets) current position is, so I guess there will be a rough game.getPlayer().getCoords().toLong() thing for getting the seed. Maybe this a question for maths.se whether or not it;s possible to prove how many outcomes a function would have.

      – TMH
      Aug 9 '16 at 16:03






    • 24





      wouldn't they just use one seed for generation? I don't get why they would need to regenerate the seeds, which would in turn regenerate the universe.

      – edthethird
      Aug 9 '16 at 18:51






    • 8





      @edthethird this is because they will be using a pseudo random number generator, which will actually be a deterministic algorithm for creating numbers starting from an initial condition (the seed.) Therefore, the same seed input will result in the same set of numbers from a pseudo random number generator in which to generate the same planet. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator for more details.

      – Nick Meldrum
      Aug 9 '16 at 22:09







    • 2





      @edthethird I think people are saying that the universe generator is separate to the planet generator, and that they have their own seeds.

      – OrangeDog
      Aug 10 '16 at 11:07











    • still, the generation of a planet would only happen once- so sure they can use every seed in existence for every planet, however they would still only use them once. cool makes sense

      – edthethird
      Aug 10 '16 at 15:00












    • 1





      I heard that the "seed" is whatever (your|your ships|the planets) current position is, so I guess there will be a rough game.getPlayer().getCoords().toLong() thing for getting the seed. Maybe this a question for maths.se whether or not it;s possible to prove how many outcomes a function would have.

      – TMH
      Aug 9 '16 at 16:03






    • 24





      wouldn't they just use one seed for generation? I don't get why they would need to regenerate the seeds, which would in turn regenerate the universe.

      – edthethird
      Aug 9 '16 at 18:51






    • 8





      @edthethird this is because they will be using a pseudo random number generator, which will actually be a deterministic algorithm for creating numbers starting from an initial condition (the seed.) Therefore, the same seed input will result in the same set of numbers from a pseudo random number generator in which to generate the same planet. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator for more details.

      – Nick Meldrum
      Aug 9 '16 at 22:09







    • 2





      @edthethird I think people are saying that the universe generator is separate to the planet generator, and that they have their own seeds.

      – OrangeDog
      Aug 10 '16 at 11:07











    • still, the generation of a planet would only happen once- so sure they can use every seed in existence for every planet, however they would still only use them once. cool makes sense

      – edthethird
      Aug 10 '16 at 15:00







    1




    1





    I heard that the "seed" is whatever (your|your ships|the planets) current position is, so I guess there will be a rough game.getPlayer().getCoords().toLong() thing for getting the seed. Maybe this a question for maths.se whether or not it;s possible to prove how many outcomes a function would have.

    – TMH
    Aug 9 '16 at 16:03





    I heard that the "seed" is whatever (your|your ships|the planets) current position is, so I guess there will be a rough game.getPlayer().getCoords().toLong() thing for getting the seed. Maybe this a question for maths.se whether or not it;s possible to prove how many outcomes a function would have.

    – TMH
    Aug 9 '16 at 16:03




    24




    24





    wouldn't they just use one seed for generation? I don't get why they would need to regenerate the seeds, which would in turn regenerate the universe.

    – edthethird
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:51





    wouldn't they just use one seed for generation? I don't get why they would need to regenerate the seeds, which would in turn regenerate the universe.

    – edthethird
    Aug 9 '16 at 18:51




    8




    8





    @edthethird this is because they will be using a pseudo random number generator, which will actually be a deterministic algorithm for creating numbers starting from an initial condition (the seed.) Therefore, the same seed input will result in the same set of numbers from a pseudo random number generator in which to generate the same planet. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator for more details.

    – Nick Meldrum
    Aug 9 '16 at 22:09






    @edthethird this is because they will be using a pseudo random number generator, which will actually be a deterministic algorithm for creating numbers starting from an initial condition (the seed.) Therefore, the same seed input will result in the same set of numbers from a pseudo random number generator in which to generate the same planet. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator for more details.

    – Nick Meldrum
    Aug 9 '16 at 22:09





    2




    2





    @edthethird I think people are saying that the universe generator is separate to the planet generator, and that they have their own seeds.

    – OrangeDog
    Aug 10 '16 at 11:07





    @edthethird I think people are saying that the universe generator is separate to the planet generator, and that they have their own seeds.

    – OrangeDog
    Aug 10 '16 at 11:07













    still, the generation of a planet would only happen once- so sure they can use every seed in existence for every planet, however they would still only use them once. cool makes sense

    – edthethird
    Aug 10 '16 at 15:00





    still, the generation of a planet would only happen once- so sure they can use every seed in existence for every planet, however they would still only use them once. cool makes sense

    – edthethird
    Aug 10 '16 at 15:00













    66

















    I'm curious, where did that number come from?




    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. In programming terms, 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 tends to be the upper limit of an unsigned long long, but this depends on the implementation. 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 will be all of the possible numbers for an unsigned long long, including 0 (i.e. 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 + 1).



    Essentially, it is very likely brought about by the limits of a data type. In this game it appears the data type is the planet seed.



    A seed is a variable for generating (pseudo) random data in an algorithm. Assuming the algorithm remains unchanged, the same seed will generate the same data.



    Therefore, using the same planet seed will give you the same planet. If you have played Minecraft, you will probably understand the general concept of re-using seeds to get the same map.



    2^64 for a seed appears to be chosen to give the illusion of infinite worlds. Technically, there can only be 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 worlds via this seed. Functionality, it would take 584 million years if you could visit a new world every 1 second, or to quote from the same article:




    It would take about 7.3 billion persons, all working from birth until death, visiting a planet every second of their lives in this game, to see 18.4 quintillion worlds combined. The current population of Earth is 8 billion people. So, yeah, No Man's Sky has an infinite universe, to any reasonable person, anyway.






    Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets




    No, there is no guarantee that 2 unique seeds will give 2 unique planets. For example, seed 1 and 90,000 may generate the same planet. This will all depend on the algorithm itself.



    In order for the algorithm to generate a unique planet for all seeds:



    1. There are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 or more unique combinations of planet properties

    2. The algorithm maps seeds to each of these unique states once only

    Without any analysis on the algorithm involved we can only speculate if this occurs.



    All I could find out about the algorithm is that it has 14,000 lines and was written in a way to create navigable worlds. Making them navigable suggests there is some simplification applied to prevent complex structures. Common sense would suggest that this limits the uniqueness of planets.



    Functionally, it would seem likely that each planet you visit will be unique. Technically, well like I said above, it will depend on the algorithm.





    My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.




    The algorithm would only allow a seed from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, inclusive. If you could somehow add a value greater than 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 I would assume that you would either see a crash, error or an overflow to a valid number. For example, 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 may just overflow to 0.



    Essentially, I am almost certain that 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is the maximum seed, regardless of any tricks to force a higher seed value.






    share|improve this answer



























    • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

      – Robotnik
      Aug 12 '16 at 2:13















    66

















    I'm curious, where did that number come from?




    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. In programming terms, 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 tends to be the upper limit of an unsigned long long, but this depends on the implementation. 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 will be all of the possible numbers for an unsigned long long, including 0 (i.e. 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 + 1).



    Essentially, it is very likely brought about by the limits of a data type. In this game it appears the data type is the planet seed.



    A seed is a variable for generating (pseudo) random data in an algorithm. Assuming the algorithm remains unchanged, the same seed will generate the same data.



    Therefore, using the same planet seed will give you the same planet. If you have played Minecraft, you will probably understand the general concept of re-using seeds to get the same map.



    2^64 for a seed appears to be chosen to give the illusion of infinite worlds. Technically, there can only be 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 worlds via this seed. Functionality, it would take 584 million years if you could visit a new world every 1 second, or to quote from the same article:




    It would take about 7.3 billion persons, all working from birth until death, visiting a planet every second of their lives in this game, to see 18.4 quintillion worlds combined. The current population of Earth is 8 billion people. So, yeah, No Man's Sky has an infinite universe, to any reasonable person, anyway.






    Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets




    No, there is no guarantee that 2 unique seeds will give 2 unique planets. For example, seed 1 and 90,000 may generate the same planet. This will all depend on the algorithm itself.



    In order for the algorithm to generate a unique planet for all seeds:



    1. There are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 or more unique combinations of planet properties

    2. The algorithm maps seeds to each of these unique states once only

    Without any analysis on the algorithm involved we can only speculate if this occurs.



    All I could find out about the algorithm is that it has 14,000 lines and was written in a way to create navigable worlds. Making them navigable suggests there is some simplification applied to prevent complex structures. Common sense would suggest that this limits the uniqueness of planets.



    Functionally, it would seem likely that each planet you visit will be unique. Technically, well like I said above, it will depend on the algorithm.





    My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.




    The algorithm would only allow a seed from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, inclusive. If you could somehow add a value greater than 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 I would assume that you would either see a crash, error or an overflow to a valid number. For example, 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 may just overflow to 0.



    Essentially, I am almost certain that 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is the maximum seed, regardless of any tricks to force a higher seed value.






    share|improve this answer



























    • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

      – Robotnik
      Aug 12 '16 at 2:13













    66














    66










    66










    I'm curious, where did that number come from?




    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. In programming terms, 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 tends to be the upper limit of an unsigned long long, but this depends on the implementation. 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 will be all of the possible numbers for an unsigned long long, including 0 (i.e. 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 + 1).



    Essentially, it is very likely brought about by the limits of a data type. In this game it appears the data type is the planet seed.



    A seed is a variable for generating (pseudo) random data in an algorithm. Assuming the algorithm remains unchanged, the same seed will generate the same data.



    Therefore, using the same planet seed will give you the same planet. If you have played Minecraft, you will probably understand the general concept of re-using seeds to get the same map.



    2^64 for a seed appears to be chosen to give the illusion of infinite worlds. Technically, there can only be 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 worlds via this seed. Functionality, it would take 584 million years if you could visit a new world every 1 second, or to quote from the same article:




    It would take about 7.3 billion persons, all working from birth until death, visiting a planet every second of their lives in this game, to see 18.4 quintillion worlds combined. The current population of Earth is 8 billion people. So, yeah, No Man's Sky has an infinite universe, to any reasonable person, anyway.






    Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets




    No, there is no guarantee that 2 unique seeds will give 2 unique planets. For example, seed 1 and 90,000 may generate the same planet. This will all depend on the algorithm itself.



    In order for the algorithm to generate a unique planet for all seeds:



    1. There are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 or more unique combinations of planet properties

    2. The algorithm maps seeds to each of these unique states once only

    Without any analysis on the algorithm involved we can only speculate if this occurs.



    All I could find out about the algorithm is that it has 14,000 lines and was written in a way to create navigable worlds. Making them navigable suggests there is some simplification applied to prevent complex structures. Common sense would suggest that this limits the uniqueness of planets.



    Functionally, it would seem likely that each planet you visit will be unique. Technically, well like I said above, it will depend on the algorithm.





    My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.




    The algorithm would only allow a seed from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, inclusive. If you could somehow add a value greater than 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 I would assume that you would either see a crash, error or an overflow to a valid number. For example, 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 may just overflow to 0.



    Essentially, I am almost certain that 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is the maximum seed, regardless of any tricks to force a higher seed value.






    share|improve this answer
















    I'm curious, where did that number come from?




    18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is 2^64. In programming terms, 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 tends to be the upper limit of an unsigned long long, but this depends on the implementation. 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 will be all of the possible numbers for an unsigned long long, including 0 (i.e. 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 + 1).



    Essentially, it is very likely brought about by the limits of a data type. In this game it appears the data type is the planet seed.



    A seed is a variable for generating (pseudo) random data in an algorithm. Assuming the algorithm remains unchanged, the same seed will generate the same data.



    Therefore, using the same planet seed will give you the same planet. If you have played Minecraft, you will probably understand the general concept of re-using seeds to get the same map.



    2^64 for a seed appears to be chosen to give the illusion of infinite worlds. Technically, there can only be 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 worlds via this seed. Functionality, it would take 584 million years if you could visit a new world every 1 second, or to quote from the same article:




    It would take about 7.3 billion persons, all working from birth until death, visiting a planet every second of their lives in this game, to see 18.4 quintillion worlds combined. The current population of Earth is 8 billion people. So, yeah, No Man's Sky has an infinite universe, to any reasonable person, anyway.






    Does that mean there are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique planets




    No, there is no guarantee that 2 unique seeds will give 2 unique planets. For example, seed 1 and 90,000 may generate the same planet. This will all depend on the algorithm itself.



    In order for the algorithm to generate a unique planet for all seeds:



    1. There are 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 or more unique combinations of planet properties

    2. The algorithm maps seeds to each of these unique states once only

    Without any analysis on the algorithm involved we can only speculate if this occurs.



    All I could find out about the algorithm is that it has 14,000 lines and was written in a way to create navigable worlds. Making them navigable suggests there is some simplification applied to prevent complex structures. Common sense would suggest that this limits the uniqueness of planets.



    Functionally, it would seem likely that each planet you visit will be unique. Technically, well like I said above, it will depend on the algorithm.





    My current guess, is they can calculate that their world generation algorithm has 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 unique output values, and any new planets after that would be repeats.




    The algorithm would only allow a seed from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615, inclusive. If you could somehow add a value greater than 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 I would assume that you would either see a crash, error or an overflow to a valid number. For example, 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 may just overflow to 0.



    Essentially, I am almost certain that 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 is the maximum seed, regardless of any tricks to force a higher seed value.







    share|improve this answer














    share|improve this answer



    share|improve this answer








    edited Aug 19 '16 at 10:11

























    answered Aug 9 '16 at 16:38







    user101016






















    • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

      – Robotnik
      Aug 12 '16 at 2:13

















    • Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

      – Robotnik
      Aug 12 '16 at 2:13
















    Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

    – Robotnik
    Aug 12 '16 at 2:13





    Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat.

    – Robotnik
    Aug 12 '16 at 2:13











    -1
















    This number comes, when you start addition from 1 and end on 65 count.



    sum = 1



    sum = sum + sum (do this for 65 times)



    you will get your number.
    18,446,744,073,709,551,616






    share|improve this answer








    New contributor



    Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
    Check out our Code of Conduct.

























      -1
















      This number comes, when you start addition from 1 and end on 65 count.



      sum = 1



      sum = sum + sum (do this for 65 times)



      you will get your number.
      18,446,744,073,709,551,616






      share|improve this answer








      New contributor



      Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.























        -1














        -1










        -1









        This number comes, when you start addition from 1 and end on 65 count.



        sum = 1



        sum = sum + sum (do this for 65 times)



        you will get your number.
        18,446,744,073,709,551,616






        share|improve this answer








        New contributor



        Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
        Check out our Code of Conduct.









        This number comes, when you start addition from 1 and end on 65 count.



        sum = 1



        sum = sum + sum (do this for 65 times)



        you will get your number.
        18,446,744,073,709,551,616







        share|improve this answer








        New contributor



        Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
        Check out our Code of Conduct.








        share|improve this answer



        share|improve this answer






        New contributor



        Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
        Check out our Code of Conduct.








        answered 30 mins ago









        Sagar TSagar T

        11 bronze badge




        11 bronze badge




        New contributor



        Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
        Check out our Code of Conduct.




        New contributor




        Sagar T is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
        Check out our Code of Conduct.

































            draft saved

            draft discarded















































            Thanks for contributing an answer to Arqade!


            • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

            But avoid


            • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

            • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

            To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




            draft saved


            draft discarded














            StackExchange.ready(
            function ()
            StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fgaming.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f280903%2fwhere-did-the-18-446-744-073-709-551-616-number-come-from%23new-answer', 'question_page');

            );

            Post as a guest















            Required, but never shown





















































            Required, but never shown














            Required, but never shown












            Required, but never shown







            Required, but never shown

































            Required, but never shown














            Required, but never shown












            Required, but never shown







            Required, but never shown







            Popular posts from this blog

            19. јануар Садржај Догађаји Рођења Смрти Празници и дани сећања Види још Референце Мени за навигацијуу

            Israel Cuprins Etimologie | Istorie | Geografie | Politică | Demografie | Educație | Economie | Cultură | Note explicative | Note bibliografice | Bibliografie | Legături externe | Meniu de navigaresite web oficialfacebooktweeterGoogle+Instagramcanal YouTubeInstagramtextmodificaremodificarewww.technion.ac.ilnew.huji.ac.ilwww.weizmann.ac.ilwww1.biu.ac.ilenglish.tau.ac.ilwww.haifa.ac.ilin.bgu.ac.ilwww.openu.ac.ilwww.ariel.ac.ilCIA FactbookHarta Israelului"Negotiating Jerusalem," Palestine–Israel JournalThe Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic Language in Search of a Semitic Past„Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge”„Latest Population Statistics for Israel”„Israel Population”„Tables”„Report for Selected Countries and Subjects”Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone„Distribution of family income - Gini index”The World FactbookJerusalem Law„Israel”„Israel”„Zionist Leaders: David Ben-Gurion 1886–1973”„The status of Jerusalem”„Analysis: Kadima's big plans”„Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons”„The Legacy of Undefined Borders, Tel Aviv Notes No. 40, 5 iunie 2002”„Israel Journal: A Land Without Borders”„Population”„Israel closes decade with population of 7.5 million”Time Series-DataBank„Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew)”Golan belongs to Syria, Druze protestGlobal Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in FreedomWHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the worldInternational Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011: Nominal GDP list of countries. Data for the year 2010.„Israel's accession to the OECD”Popular Opinion„On the Move”Hosea 12:5„Walking the Bible Timeline”„Palestine: History”„Return to Zion”An invention called 'the Jewish people' – Haaretz – Israel NewsoriginalJewish and Non-Jewish Population of Palestine-Israel (1517–2004)ImmigrationJewishvirtuallibrary.orgChapter One: The Heralders of Zionism„The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history”„League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, 24 iulie 1922”The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948originalBackground Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)History: Foreign DominationTwo Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting„Israel (Labor Zionism)”Population, by Religion and Population GroupThe Suez CrisisAdolf EichmannJustice Ministry Reply to Amnesty International Report„The Interregnum”Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs – The Palestinian National Covenant- July 1968Research on terrorism: trends, achievements & failuresThe Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli conflict: The Complete History of the Struggle and the Efforts to Resolve It"George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82."„1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces”Agranat Commission„Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?”original„After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders”From the End of the Cold War to 2001originalThe Oslo Accords, 1993Israel-PLO Recognition – Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat – Sept 9- 1993Foundation for Middle East PeaceSources of Population Growth: Total Israeli Population and Settler Population, 1991–2003original„Israel marks Rabin assassination”The Wye River Memorandumoriginal„West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2”"Permanent Ceasefire to Be Based on Creation Of Buffer Zone Free of Armed Personnel Other than UN, Lebanese Forces"„Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border”„Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria”„Battleground Gaza: Israeli ground forces invade the strip”„IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal, hours after ending 3-week offensive”„THE LAND: Geography and Climate”„Area of districts, sub-districts, natural regions and lakes”„Israel - Geography”„Makhteshim Country”Israel and the Palestinian Territories„Makhtesh Ramon”„The Living Dead Sea”„Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan”„Climate Extremes In Israel”Israel in figures„Deuteronom”„JNF: 240 million trees planted since 1901”„Vegetation of Israel and Neighboring Countries”Environmental Law in Israel„Executive branch”„Israel's election process explained”„The Electoral System in Israel”„Constitution for Israel”„All 120 incoming Knesset members”„Statul ISRAEL”„The Judiciary: The Court System”„Israel's high court unique in region”„Israel and the International Criminal Court: A Legal Battlefield”„Localities and population, by population group, district, sub-district and natural region”„Israel: Districts, Major Cities, Urban Localities & Metropolitan Areas”„Israel-Egypt Relations: Background & Overview of Peace Treaty”„Solana to Haaretz: New Rules of War Needed for Age of Terror”„Israel's Announcement Regarding Settlements”„United Nations Security Council Resolution 497”„Security Council resolution 478 (1980) on the status of Jerusalem”„Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall”„Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace”„Mapping Peace between Syria and Israel”„Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula”„Israel: Age structure from 2005 to 2015”„Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition”10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X„World Health Statistics 2014”„Life expectancy for Israeli men world's 4th highest”„Family Structure and Well-Being Across Israel's Diverse Population”„Fertility among Jewish and Muslim Women in Israel, by Level of Religiosity, 1979-2009”„Israel leaders in birth rate, but poverty major challenge”„Ethnic Groups”„Israel's population: Over 8.5 million”„Israel - Ethnic groups”„Jews, by country of origin and age”„Minority Communities in Israel: Background & Overview”„Israel”„Language in Israel”„Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages”„Religions”„5 facts about Israeli Druze, a unique religious and ethnic group”„Israël”Israel Country Study Guide„Haredi city in Negev – blessing or curse?”„New town Harish harbors hopes of being more than another Pleasantville”„List of localities, in alphabetical order”„Muncitorii români, doriți în Israel”„Prietenia româno-israeliană la nevoie se cunoaște”„The Higher Education System in Israel”„Middle East”„Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016”„Israel”„Israel”„Jewish Nobel Prize Winners”„All Nobel Prizes in Literature”„All Nobel Peace Prizes”„All Prizes in Economic Sciences”„All Nobel Prizes in Chemistry”„List of Fields Medallists”„Sakharov Prize”„Țara care și-a sfidat "destinul" și se bate umăr la umăr cu Silicon Valley”„Apple's R&D center in Israel grew to about 800 employees”„Tim Cook: Apple's Herzliya R&D center second-largest in world”„Lecții de economie de la Israel”„Land use”Israel Investment and Business GuideA Country Study: IsraelCentral Bureau of StatisticsFlorin Diaconu, „Kadima: Flexibilitate și pragmatism, dar nici un compromis în chestiuni vitale", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 71-72Florin Diaconu, „Likud: Dreapta israeliană constant opusă retrocedării teritoriilor cureite prin luptă în 1967", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 73-74MassadaIsraelul a crescut in 50 de ani cât alte state intr-un mileniuIsrael Government PortalIsraelIsraelIsraelmmmmmXX451232cb118646298(data)4027808-634110000 0004 0372 0767n7900328503691455-bb46-37e3-91d2-cb064a35ffcc1003570400564274ge1294033523775214929302638955X146498911146498911

            Кастелфранко ди Сопра Становништво Референце Спољашње везе Мени за навигацију43°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.5588543°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.558853179688„The GeoNames geographical database”„Istituto Nazionale di Statistica”проширитиууWorldCat156923403n850174324558639-1cb14643287r(подаци)