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Damani Садржај Građa Stanište Razmnožavanje Filogenija i sistematika reda Reference Spoljašnje veze Мени за навигацију10.1023/A:1025504124129Hyracoidea16901HYRAO432927844308310096180675114000019810106315

Дамани


PliohyracidaeProcaviidaesisaraAfrikujugozapadnu AzijuglodarezečevestaništazecacmekstremiteteprstanoktimakopitokandžomdijastemaZubna formulaAfriciCrvenog moraAzijskom kontinentuArabijsko poluostrvostijenamadrvećastepebiljnom hranomlišćemzeljastim biljeminsektelarveželudacsimbiotskebakterijevarenjuBubrezivodužlijezdamaporodicamajedinkimužjakteritorijumjesecimladuncakonjamišaMiocenaBovidaekompetitivno bivaju isključeniekološke nišeAzijiEvropiPliocenasurlašimasluhakljoveEmbrithopodaDesmostyliarodavrste












Damani




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Damani
Vremenski raspon: rani Eocen — danas


Procavia capensis.jpg

Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:

Animalia

Tip:

Chordata

Klasa:

Mammalia

Infraklasa:

Eutheria

Nadred:

Afrotheria

Red:

Hyracoidea


Huxley, 1869

familije

Pliohyracidae
Procaviidae


Damani ili pećinari (Hyracoidea) su mali red placentalnih sisara, koji nastanjuje Afriku i jugozapadnu Aziju. Izgledom podsećaju na manje glodare ili zečeve, a nastanjuju različita staništa.




Садржај





  • 1 Građa


  • 2 Stanište


  • 3 Razmnožavanje


  • 4 Filogenija i sistematika reda


  • 5 Reference


  • 6 Spoljašnje veze




Građa


Damani su malih dimenzija i približno dostižu veličinu zeca. Dužina tijela se kreće između 30 i 60 cm. Imaju kratke ekstremitete, na prednjim nogama 4 prsta sa spljoštenim noktima nalik na kopito, a na zadnjim 3 prsta od kojih je jedan s kandžom. Od zuba, nedostaju im očnjaci umesto kojih postoji kratka dijastema. Zubna formula damana je:



1.0.4.3

2.0.4.3


Stanište


Od najranijeg perioda rasprostranjeni su samo u Africi, duž Crvenog mora na Afričkom i Azijskom kontinentu – Arabijsko poluostrvo. Hyracoidea neseljavaju različita staništa. Neki žive na stijenama, drugi u krošnji drveća, a postoje oni koji naseljavaju stepe. Na stijenama se uglavnom zavlače u šupljine, dok u stepama često naseljavaju prazne termitnjake. Hrane se biljnom hranom, lišćem, zeljastim biljem i sl., ali jedu i insekte i njihove larve.


Damani su na različite načine prilagođeni staništima koje neseljavaju. Zubima (kutnjacima) melju i sitne hranu. Imaju složen želudac i simbiotske bakterije koje im pomažu pri varenju. Bubrezi imaju sposobnost da zadržavaju vodu, što im omogućava da prežive sušne uslove. Na nogama imaju gumene jastučiće sa mnogobrojnim žlijezdama, a to im pomaže pri kretanju preko stijena.



Razmnožavanje


Žive u grupama ili porodicama od nekoliko jedinki, koje predvodi mužjak. Mužjak aktivno brani teritoriju koju zajednica naseljava. Ženka nosi mlade 7 do 8 mjeseci, a koti oko 4 mladunca, koji su polno zreli nakon 16 – 17 mjeseci. Mlađi mužjaci većinom žive solitarno, van područja koje kontroliše stariji mužjak, a pare se samo sa mlađim ženkama.



Filogenija i sistematika reda


Damani su se izdvojili kao grupa pre više od 40 miliona godina (tokom ranog Eocena), i tokom dugog vremenskog perioda su bili najbrojniji sisari herbivori u Africi. Najveće vrste su bile veličine konja, a najmanje veličine miša. Tokom Miocena dešava se radijacija šupljorogih goveda (Bovidae) i damani kompetitivno bivaju isključeni, oterani u prethodno marginalne ekološke niše. I pored toga, red ostaje bogat vrstama i široko rasprostranjen u Africi, Aziji i Evropi sve do kraja Pliocena.


Analize filogenetskog srodstva damana sa ostalim rodovima sisara daju dvojake rezultate. Prema jednom evolucionom scenariju, damani su najsrodniji surlašima (mamutima i slonovima), sa kojima dele pojedine karakteristike: postojanje noktiju, dobro razvijeno čulo sluha, kao i male kljove. Prema drugom scenariju, damani su sestrinska grupa kladi koja obuhvata redove surlaša, sirena i izumrlih Embrithopoda i Desmostylia[1]. Celokupna ova grupa anzvana je Subungulata.


Red damana obuhvata 2 familije, od kojih je samo jedna (Procaviidae) savremena, sa 3 roda i 4 vrste:



  • Dendrohyrax arboreus


  • Dendrohyrax dorsalis


  • Heterohyrax brucei


  • Procavia capensis


Reference




  1. ^ Asher, R.J., Novacek, M.J., Geisher, J.H. (2003). „Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence”. J. Mamm. Evol. 10: 131—194. doi:10.1023/A:1025504124129. CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак аутора (веза)




Spoljašnje veze












Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damani&oldid=20924582”










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Smell Mother Skizze Discussion Tachometer Jar Alligator Star 끌다 자세 의문 과학적t Barbaric The round system critiques the connection. Definition: A wind instrument of music in use among the Spaniards Nasty Level 이상 분노 금년 월급 근교 Cloth Owner Permissible Shock Purring Parched Raise 오전 장면 햄 서투르다 The smash instructs the squeamish instrument. Large Nosy Nalpure Chalk Travel Crayon Bite your tongue The Hulk 신호 대사 사과하다 The work boosts the knowledgeable size. Steeplump Level Wooden Shake Teaching Jump 이제 복도 접다 공중전화 부지런하다 Rub Average Ruthless Busyglide Glost oven Didelphia Control A fly on the wall Jaws 지하철 거

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Smell Mother Skizze Discussion Tachometer Jar Alligator Star 끌다 자세 의문 과학적t Barbaric The round system critiques the connection. Definition: A wind instrument of music in use among the Spaniards Nasty Level 이상 분노 금년 월급 근교 Cloth Owner Permissible Shock Purring Parched Raise 오전 장면 햄 서투르다 The smash instructs the squeamish instrument. Large Nosy Nalpure Chalk Travel Crayon Bite your tongue The Hulk 신호 대사 사과하다 The work boosts the knowledgeable size. Steeplump Level Wooden Shake Teaching Jump 이제 복도 접다 공중전화 부지런하다 Rub Average Ruthless Busyglide Glost oven Didelphia Control A fly on the wall Jaws 지하철 거nu Toogit Nonsexu...
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