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Sahara Index Origo nominis | Situs | Geologia | Thesauri subterranei | Clima | Incolae | Historia | Pervestigatio | Notae | Bibliographia | Nexus externi | Tabula navigationis20°N 10°E / 20°N 10°E / 20; 1020°N 10°E / 20°N 10°E / 20; 10Cepedia saharana,Lydomorphus saharanus,Aphaenogaster saharensis,Podaxis saharianus,Culicoides sahariensis,Zodariellum sahariense,123Die Wüste schwebt3SatDevotam Maiestati Augusti Magni Africam Oratione Panegyrica Qua Antiquitatum Romanarum per Africam Repertarum memoriam recolit.Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years.In Asia plurimi pueri scholam non frequentant.Historia Vegetabilium Geographica.www.zdf.de - GaramentesTransitus per Saharam ab Algeria ad AgadezFlora et Fauna Saharensis (TU-Berolinensis, Institutum Oecologiae: zone aridae subtropicae - tropicae, imprimis Saharae.

Provinciae physiographicaeSahara


Arabiceorbis terrarumregiodesertaAntarcticakm2Civitates Foederatae AmericaelitoreAtlanticoMare RubrumtrapezumchiliometraoccidenteorientemseptentrionibusmeridiemtropicorumlapideasaxosaglareaArabicoTuaregArabicemareaquaSahellitusRomaniCarthagineMedio Aevolinguae Arabicaesaeculo undevicesimoAfricaAtlanticoMare RubrumtrapezumAegyptoNilooasinMarocumAlgeriumTunesiaMaghrebLibyaSahelAegyptusLibyaMaliumNigerTzadiaSudaniaMauretaniaSahara OccidentalisMarocumAlgeriumTunesiaRes Publica Democratica Arabica SaharensisMarocoAfricanisGeologiaeDatationefossiliumSinu ChadensipluvialibusArabiceUniversitatis IllinoesiensisSicagi2004AegyptoLibyaqueNubiatropicorumlumencalorquecrateresmeteoritarumAlgeriiLibyaequepetroleigasisSalcarboniumcuprumaurummanganumferrumuraniumplumbumwolframiumtitaniumstannumphosphorusClimaventus anniversariusNilustemperaturaearitudinemPraecipitatiovulcanorumaerisolitorumArabesMauriTubuTuaregundevicesimum saeculumTuaregagricolaeoasibusnomadesUrbesAlgeriipetroleumgasLibyaeZona tropica8500 a.C.n.SavannaSavannamRes novae NeolithicaeAegyptiMesopotamiaeAegyptiacisMesopotamicisNiliAegyptoAnatoliaMaris Aegaeisaeculo sexto decimo a.C.n.Aetatis AeneaePharaoRamses IIILibycoAssyriiAegyptumcamelusAfricamequoPtolemaidarumsaeculo quinto a.C.n.GaramanticumMediterraneasGraecisCyrenisRomanisLeptis MagnaeImperio RomanooasisArabesmahometanisaeculo undevicesimoBritanniarum RegnumAfricaeIacobus Richardson1851SudaniaGermanusHenricus Barth18211865ethnographiaeTuaregHenricus Duveyrier18401892










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Sahara

(Arabice: الصحراء الكبرى)

Photographema Saharae ex satellite factum
Photographema Saharae ex satellite factum
Loci definitio
Continens
Africa
Civitates
Aegyptus, Algeria, Ciadia, Libya, Malia, Marocum, Mauritania, Nigerium, Tunisia, Sahara Occidentalis, Sudania
Area
8 600 000 km2
Coordinatae
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20°N 10°E / 20°N 10°E / 20; 10
Altitudo
Altitudo maxima
3 415 m (Emi Koussi in Ciadia)
Altitudo minima
−133 m (Qattara in Aegypto)
Calor
Maximus caloris gradus
−18 °C
Minimus caloris gradus
58 °C
Propria
Hyetometria
25 mm annuales
Insolatio
3 300 h annuales
Opes naturales
cuprum, manganense, petroleum, phosphatum, uranium

Sahara,[1][2][3] seu Zaara[4] (Arabice الصحراء الكبرى‎, aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra), est maxima orbis terrarum calida regio deserta, et altera ab Antarctica. Plus quam 9 000 000 km2 pandens fere tam grandis est quam Civitates Foederatae Americae. In Africa a litore Atlantico usque ad Mare Rubrum pertinens quasi trapezum 4500–5500 chiliometra ab occidente in orientem et 1500-2000 chiliometra a septentrionibus in meridiem patet. Sahara est inter deserta tropicorum.


Sahara maxima ex parte lapidea vel saxosa est (hammada, quae dicitur), aut ex glarea sive rudere constat (serir); deserta arenosa (erg) tantum sub 20 centesimas Saharae explent.




Index





  • 1 Origo nominis


  • 2 Situs


  • 3 Geologia


  • 4 Thesauri subterranei


  • 5 Clima


  • 6 Incolae


  • 7 Historia


  • 8 Pervestigatio


  • 9 Notae


  • 10 Bibliographia


  • 11 Nexus externi




Origo nominis |





Tadrart Acacus, deserta in Libya occidentali et pars Saharae.


Nomen Saharae a verbo Arabico pro vastitate, ‏صحراء‎ (ṣaḥrā), deducitur. Simili modo, Tuareg Saharae meridianae vastitatem arenosam Ténéré appellant, quod 'terra exterior' sive etiam 'deserta' valet. Arabice itaque Sahara subtilius ‏الصحراء الكبرى‎ (aṣ-ṣaḥrā' al-kubrā), 'vastitas maxima' vocatur. Interdum etiam nomen ‏بحر بلا ماء‎ (baḥr bilā mā), 'mare sine aqua' invenitur (confer Sahel, litus significantem).


Romani regionem a Carthagine ad meridiem versus terram desertam appellabant. Medio Aevo, Sahara simpliciter magnum desertum dicebatur. Appellatio Saharae (extra regiones linguae Arabicae) tandem saeculo undevicesimo in usum venit.



Situs |




Maiores res topographicae Saharae regionis.


Sahara in Africa septentrionali sita est. A litore Atlantico usque ad Mare Rubrum pertinens quasi trapezum 4500–5500 km ab occidente in orientem et 1500–2000 km a septentrionibus in meridiem format. In Aegypto flumine Nilo oasin longissimam formans interrumpitur.


In septentrionibus sunt Marocum, Algerium, Tunesia, tres civitates, quae etiam nomine Arabico Maghreb (‏المغرب‎ al-maghrib, occidens valens) comprehenduntur, et Libya, in meridie est zona Sahel dicta. Ad hanc zonam ex toto vel maxima ex parte hae civitates pertinent: Aegyptus, Libya, Malium, Niger, Tzadia, Sudania, Mauretania, Sahara Occidentalis, Marocum, Algerium et Tunesia.


In Sahara occidentali est civitas homonyma, cuius appellatio publica est Res Publica Democratica Arabica Saharensis, quae civitas tamen de facto a Maroco occupata adhuc a paucis, imprimis Africanis, civitatibus recognita est.



Geologia |




Imago superior oasin Safsaf in facie Saharae monstrat. Imago inferior (utendo Radar) struem saxosam sub oasi monstrat, nigros cuniculos revelans, qui ab antea flumine, quod olim oasin irrigaverat, sulcati sunt.


Geologiae periti e situ ac strue saxorum coniectant his in desertis per plura decies centena milia annorum aetates aridas umidasque saepius variavisse. Datatione fossilium in Sinu Chadensi repertorum probatum est Saharam iam ante septies centena milia annorum interdum quidem desertam fuisse. Etiam sub his soli struibus, quae sunt inquisitae, strues arenaceae maioris aetatis inventae sunt, quae non nisi fortibus ventis caeloque arido effici potuerunt.[5]


Temporibus pluvialibus Sahara aquosior erat et virens, quod etiam alveis aridis (Arabice: Wadi, ‏وادي‎) probantur, quarum quidam e montibus exeuntes plus 1000 km procurrunt. Praeterea numerosae imagines in saxis pictae homines ibi vixisse demonstrant. Pervestigationes recentissimae Universitatis Illinoesiensis Sicagi anni 2004 ostendunt aquam subterraneam sub Aegypto Libyaque sitam usque ad decies centena annorum ante hoc tempus ortam esse. Lente per rivos subterraneos a Nubia in septentriones fluit quot annis unum vel duo metra progrediens.


Praeterea Sahara est inter desertorum tropicorum in zona pressionis altae subtropica sita, ubi venti descendentes nubes dissolvunt, quo lumen calorque libere invadant reflectantur.


Saharae sunt aliqui montes, ut puta montes Ahaggar et montes Tibesti. Summus mons est Emi Koussi 3415 m in montibus Tibesti. Sunt etiam aliqui crateres impactione meteoritarum exfossi, quorum maximus est crater Kebira diametri 31 km.



Thesauri subterranei |




Pulvis Saharensis supra Kufstein (Tirolis Austriae) die 22 Februarii 2004


In Sahara etiam thesauri subterranei sunt. In Saharae partibus Algerii Libyaeque magnae copiae petrolei et gasis repertae sunt. Alii thesauri subterranei sunt: Sal, carbonium, cuprum, aurum, manganum, ferrum, uranium, plumbum, wolframium, titanium, stannum, phosphorus.



Clima |


Clima est aridissimum calidumque. Per totum annum ventus anniversarius sive statarius (vulgo Passat dictus), qui paulum pluviae fert, flare solet. Unicum flumen, quod semper aquam habet, Nilus est. Inter alia mutationes temperaturae extremae (usque ad 60 °C interdiu, noctu 30 °C minus) ad aritudinem conferunt. Hieme noctu usque ad −10 °C metiuntur. Praecipitatio media in Sahara circiter 45.5 mm est. Nonnullis annis omnino non pluit. Vis Saharae in clima globale tantum partim intellecta est. Imprimis arena Saharensis praeter eruptiones vulcanorum fons magni momenti esse videtur aerisolitorum, quae tempestatem caelumque efficiunt.[6]



Incolae |





Oasis in montibus Ahaggar. Oases maxime necessariae sunt ad vitam sustinendam in locis aridissimis.





Beni Isguen, urbs sacra a parietibus crassis cincta in Sahara Algeriana.


Pauci incolae imprimis Arabes et Mauri sunt. Praeterea ibi parvae gentes sunt, ut puta Tubu (sive Tibbu) et Tuareg. Usque ad undevicesimum saeculum res ad vitam degendam necessaria cum pecuaria tum maxime commercio transsaharensi parta sunt. Saharae gens numero maxima sunt Tuareg. Saharae incolarum 60 per centum sunt agricolae fixae sedis in oasibus, 40 per centum nomades et seminomades. Urbes imprimis in margine Saharae septentrionali Algerii sitae sunt. Novi vici vel urbes in regionibus, ubi petroleum et gas in lucem proferuntur, exstiterunt. Maximae Saharae occidentalis partes necnon desertorum Libyae hominibus omnino carent.



Historia |





Naturalis saxi arcus in Libya mieridioccidentali.


Cum Zona tropica post annum 8500 a.C.n. locum suum 800 km in septentrionem versus mutavit, Sahara, quae antea regio deserta fuerat ut est hodie, fecunda Savanna facta est, quod tempus Saharae viride vocatur.[7] Caelo mutato homines e regionibus meridionalibus, qui sibi victum venatu parabant vel iis, quae colligebant, in novam Savannam immigraverunt. Res novae Neolithicae, quae dicuntur, regionem Saharae fere eodem tempore quo societates Aegypti ac Mesopotamiae invaserunt. Inter annos 6000-5000 a.C.n. incolae regionis agricolari coeperunt. Urbes autem Aegyptiacis vel Mesopotamicis comparabiles, quoad notum est, non exstiterunt.


Sequentibus milibus annorum magnae Saharae partes denuo aridae hominibusque inhabitabiles factae sunt, ut homines paulatim in fecundam Nili vallem emigrabant. Inter annos 2000-1000 a.C.n. "Tempus equorum" coepit, ita appellum, quod eo tempore in imaginibus in speluncis pictis equi praevalent. Velut in Aegypto, Anatolia et in regione Maris Aegaei saeculo sexto decimo a.C.n. currus bellicus, qui erat arma fortissima Aetatis Aeneae, intro ductus est. Pharao Ramses III bello Libyco 92 curros bellicos ac 184 equos cepisse inscripsit.


Ut Sahara aridissima facta est, agricultura pecuariaque effici non potuerunt. Cum Assyrii Aegyptum occupaverunt, camelus in Africam intro ductus est equo, qui antea iumentum maximi momenti fuerat, succendens. Cum tardissime tempore Ptolemaidarum in maximo usu erat.


Media in Sahara saeculo quinto a.C.n. regnum Garamanticum ortum est, quod sollerti oasis cultura innitebat, divitias autem e commercio inter Africam et terras Mediterraneas sibi parabat, negotiando primo cum Graecis Cyrenis habitantibus, tum cum Romanis Leptis Magnae. Imperio Romano lapso mercatus maxime impeditus, aquis subterraneis deficientibus cultura oasis admodum temperata est. Arabes mahometani, cum regionem occupaverunt, regno finem fecerunt.



Pervestigatio |





Beniamin Tudelensis (duodecimo saeculo) in Sahara (Dumouza, imago undevicesimi saeculi).


A saeculo undevicesimo exeunte Sahara denique scientificis negotiatoribusque curae erat. Imprimis Britanniarum Regnum spe negotiorum ac thesaurorum subterraneorum adductum aditus securi ad mercatus Africae interioris quaerebat. Iter maximi momenti ad Saharam pervestigandam missionarius Iacobus Richardson duxit, qui autem iam anno 1851 in Sudania mortuus est. Comes eius, geographus archeologusque Germanus Henricus Barth (1821–1865), iter ad finem duxit observationesque eius litteris mandavit, quod opus quinque voluminum gravissima est fons ethnographiae Saharae illius temporis. In Tuareg Saharae septentrionalis pervestigandis Henricus Duveyrier (1840-1892) Henricum Barth secutus est.



Notae |



  1. Attestationes nominis substantivi: Saharae desertum (Stromeyer 1800:46); desertum seu saharae confinia (Hebenstreit 1733:18); desertum Saharae (Pekkanen 2004).


  2. Attestationes nominis adiectivi sine i gratuita: saharana, Cepedia saharana, www.amazon.com; saharanus, Lydomorphus saharanus, www.biolib.cz; saharensis: Aphaenogaster saharensis, species.wikimedia.org.


  3. Attestationes nominis adiectivi cum i gratuita: saharianus: Podaxis saharianus, www.mycobank.org; sahariensis: Culicoides sahariensis, www.culicoides.net; sahariense: Zodariellum sahariense, www.itis.gov.


  4. J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresdae: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunsvici, 1972, 3 voll.) 1 2 3


  5. Schuster et al. 2006.


  6. Die Wüste schwebt. 3Sat, hitec die 17 Februarii 2008 (Theodisce).


  7. Kröpelin et al. 2008.



Bibliographia |


  • Barich, Barbara E. 1998. People, water, and grain: The beginnings of domestication in the Sahara and the Nile valley. Romae: L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 8882650170.

  • Besenyő, János. 2009. Western Sahara. Pécs: Publikon Publishers. ISBN 9789638833204. E-liber.

  • Bisson, Jean. 2003. Mythes et réalités d'un désert convoité: Le Sahara. Lutetiae: L'Harmattan.

  • Boahen, Albert Adu. 1964. Britain, the Sahara and the Western Sudan, 1788-1861. Oxoniae.

  • Brett, Michael, et Elizabeth Prentess. 1996. The Berbers. Blackwell Publishers.

  • Bulliet, Richard W. 1975. The Camel and the Wheel. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.

  • Drajesco-Joffé, Alain, 1993. La vie sauvage au Sahara. Delachaux et Niestlé, Novicastri. ISBN 2603008714.

  • Gearon, Eamonn. 2011. The Sahara: A Cultural History. Signal Books (UK), Oxford University Press (CFA).

  • Hebenstreit, Ioannes Ernestus. 1733. Devotam Maiestati Augusti Magni Africam Oratione Panegyrica Qua Antiquitatum Romanarum per Africam Repertarum memoriam recolit. Lipsiae: Officina Langenhemiana.

  • Julien, Charles-Andre. 1970. History of North Africa: From the Arab Conquest to 1830. Praeger.

  • Kennedy, Hugh. 1996. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus.' Longman.

  • Kröpelin, S., et al. 2008. Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years. Science, 320:765-768. doi: 10.1126/science.1154913.

  • Laroui, Abdallah Laroui. 1977. The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Princeton.

  • Mori, Fabrizio. 1998. The great civilisations of the ancient Sahara. Romae: L'Erma di Bretscheider. ISBN 8870629716.

  • Pekkanen, Tuomo. 2004. In Asia plurimi pueri scholam non frequentant. Nuntii Latini. Tabularium 3, 13 Februarii. Radiophonia Finnica Generalis.

  • Schiffers, Heinrich. 1980. Die Sahara: Entwicklungen in einem Wüstenkontinent. Kieliae: Borntraeger. ISBN 3554601063.

  • Schuster, M., et al. 2006. The Age of the Sahara Desert. Science 311:821. doi:10.1126/science.1120161.

  • Scott, Chris. 2005. Sahara Overland. Trailblazer Guides.

  • Stromeyer, Friedrich. 1800. Historia Vegetabilium Geographica.

  • Wade, Lizzie. 2015. Drones and Satellites Spot Lost Civilizations in Unlikely Places. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science). DOI 10.1126/science.aaa7864.

Relationes itinerum historicae
  • Barth, Heinrich. 1857–1858. Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Centralafrika. 5 voll. Gothae.

  • Barth, Heinrich. 2007. Im Sattel durch Nord- und Zentralafrika, 1849–1855. Stuttgardiae.

  • Nachtigal, Gustav. 1879–1889. Sahara und Sudan. 3 voll. Berolini, Lipsiae.

  • Nachtigal, Gustav. 1987. Tibesti: Die Entdeckung der Riesenkrater und die Erstdurchquerung des Sudan, 1868–1874. Ed. Heinrich Schiffers. Tubingae/Stuttgardiae.

  • Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1984. Quer durch Afrika: Die Erstdurchquerung der Sahara vom Mittelmeer zum Golf von Guinea 1865–1867. Stuttgardiae. ISBN 3522605802.


Nexus externi |






Commons-logo.svg

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Saharam spectant.


  • www.zdf.de - Garamentes (Theodisce)


  • Transitus per Saharam ab Algeria ad Agadez (Theodisce)


  • Flora et Fauna Saharensis (Francogallice)


  • TU-Berolinensis, Institutum Oecologiae: zone aridae subtropicae - tropicae, imprimis Saharae. (Theodisce)










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Ethnic groups”„Jews, by country of origin and age”„Minority Communities in Israel: Background & Overview”„Israel”„Language in Israel”„Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages”„Religions”„5 facts about Israeli Druze, a unique religious and ethnic group”„Israël”Israel Country Study Guide„Haredi city in Negev – blessing or curse?”„New town Harish harbors hopes of being more than another Pleasantville”„List of localities, in alphabetical order”„Muncitorii români, doriți în Israel”„Prietenia româno-israeliană la nevoie se cunoaște”„The Higher Education System in Israel”„Middle East”„Academic Ranking of World Universities 2016”„Israel”„Israel”„Jewish Nobel Prize Winners”„All Nobel Prizes in Literature”„All Nobel Peace Prizes”„All Prizes in Economic Sciences”„All Nobel Prizes in Chemistry”„List of Fields Medallists”„Sakharov Prize”„Țara care și-a sfidat "destinul" și se bate umăr la umăr cu Silicon Valley”„Apple's R&D center in Israel grew to about 800 employees”„Tim Cook: Apple's Herzliya R&D center second-largest in world”„Lecții de economie de la Israel”„Land use”Israel Investment and Business GuideA Country Study: IsraelCentral Bureau of StatisticsFlorin Diaconu, „Kadima: Flexibilitate și pragmatism, dar nici un compromis în chestiuni vitale", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 71-72Florin Diaconu, „Likud: Dreapta israeliană constant opusă retrocedării teritoriilor cureite prin luptă în 1967", în Revista Institutului Diplomatic Român, anul I, numărul I, semestrul I, 2006, pp. 73-74MassadaIsraelul a crescut in 50 de ani cât alte state intr-un mileniuIsrael Government PortalIsraelIsraelIsraelmmmmmXX451232cb118646298(data)4027808-634110000 0004 0372 0767n7900328503691455-bb46-37e3-91d2-cb064a35ffcc1003570400564274ge1294033523775214929302638955X146498911146498911

Кастелфранко ди Сопра Становништво Референце Спољашње везе Мени за навигацију43°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.5588543°37′18″ СГШ; 11°33′32″ ИГД / 43.62156° СГШ; 11.55885° ИГД / 43.62156; 11.558853179688„The GeoNames geographical database”„Istituto Nazionale di Statistica”проширитиууWorldCat156923403n850174324558639-1cb14643287r(подаци)